Ambivalent fatherland: The Chinese National Salvation Movement in Malaya and Java, 1937–41

China's resistance to Japanese aggression escalated into a full-scale war in 1937. The continuously deteriorating situation stimulated the rise of Chinese nationalism in the diaspora communities worldwide. The Japanese invasion of China, accompanied by the emergence of the National Salvation Movement (NSM) in Southeast Asia, provided the overseas Chinese with a rare opportunity to re-examine their ‘Chineseness’, as well as their relationships with the colonial states and the increasingly self-aware indigenous populations. This research problematises traditional approaches that tend to regard the NSM as primarily driven by Chinese patriotism. Juxtaposing Malaya and Java at the same historical moment, the article argues that the emergence of the NSM was more than just a natural result of the rising Chinese nationalism. Local politics and the shifting political orientations of overseas Chinese communities also profoundly shaped how the NSM played out in different colonial states.

“It is not a miracle, but grief...”: representations of Sergey Kozlov's on soteriological mission of the woman (based on the novella “Mother-Masha”)

This article analyzes the views of the contemporary Ugric writer Sergey Kozlov pertaining to mission of the women in 1990s – 2000s, which was the turning period for the country. The novella “Mother-Masha” demonstrates that it textual space, namely the woman becomes the symbol of justice of the Christian fabric of life, and is reflected in the sincere desire of the protagonist to establish good and justice in the world. The author contemplates on S. Kozlov's ideological and artistic views upon the role of the woman at the time of major transformations in the Russian history. Reference to the writer’s fictional prose, diaries, and interviews allows revealing the peculiarities of his axiological position in the context of the Russian philosophy of femininity. The scientific novelty of this research is substantiated by the need for articulation of the problem related to the study of specificity of female images in the creative heritage of Siberian writer Sergey Kozlov. Comprehensive analysis of the writer's novella “Mother-Masha” included into the book “Duty Angel” (2011) is carried out. The article introduces the sources, such as diary notes and interview materials, which have not been previously used in studying the works of S. Kozlov. The conclusion is made that soteriological mission was imposed on Mother Masha – the woman who proliferated the Divine Commandments to the world and is associated with the symbol of national salvation.

O Milanu Nediću

The work consists of two parts, or as Trisic states "books". The first book is about the character and actions of General Milan Nedić. This book consists of two parts. The first part discusses Nedić before his appointment as President of the "Government of National Salvation" at the end of August 1941, and the second part deals with his actions as Prime Minister. Through both of these acts, Trišić argues with the allegations from the aforementioned work of Petar Martinović, occasionally inserting very valuable personal testimonies from the initial period of the occupation, until he was arrested in November 1941. He is very critical of Nedić, and reprimands Martinović and Karapandžić for "throwing mud at Draža Mihailović's work". The second, much smaller unit, ie the book, is called "Communist untruths at the trial of Draža Mihailović". This text was published in sequels in the magazine American Srbobran in 1955, and Trišić included it in the book in a slightly modified form. In this book, he argues with prosecutors and judges at the trial of Dragoljub Mihailović in 1946, often quoting published shorthand notes (Traitor and war criminal Draža Mihailović before the court: shorthand notes and documents from the trial of Dragoljub Draža Mihailović, Belgrade 1946). Trisic considered this trial a farce whose goal was not to "establish the material truth - which would be defeating for the communists - but everything was conducted for the purpose of propaganda."

The Bible and Ethics in Chinese Society

Confucianism, the dominant ideology of Chinese culture, exerts significant influence on how Chinese Christians read the Bible for ethics. Confucian pragmatism and emphasis on ethics causes readers to accentuate the ethical function of the Bible. Early converts in the nineteenth century championed a common morality between the Bible and Confucian classics as an apologetic strategy. The Confucian ethical framework of “inner sageliness and outer kingliness” has been widely adopted by Chinese interpreters, informing how Christian intellectuals read the Bible for “national salvation by character” in the early twentieth century. When Christianity became rooted in China, Confucian concepts and maxims continued to be used to help Chinese understand the Bible. Besides Confucianism, other factors that shape how an interpreter reads the Bible for ethics include the reader’s historical and social context, theological tradition, and intellectual and educational background.

Rival Yemen governments face distinct, deep challenges

Significance Most countries, and the UN Security Council, reserve international recognition for Hadi’s government-in-exile in Riyadh. The rival Huthi-led National Salvation Government (NSG) in the capital, Sana’a, has been in office for four years. Its territorial control is limited to the northern highlands, containing around 80% of Yemen’s population. Impacts New surges in COVID-19 transmission and cases in both north and south will likely further undermine humanitarian outcomes. The incoming US Biden administration could boost international mediation efforts -- but Yemen will be a low initial priority. Skirmishing between the northern and southern authorities could escalate again, especially in Marib and Hodeida, but to little effect.

Protestant Youth Save the Nation

Protestant schools educated a significant percentage of China’s high school and college students, and the YMCA’s Student Division was influential in these schools and also the public schools. Protestant youth sponsored the most significant of the protests connected to the National Salvation Movement, which sought to mobilize the Chinese people to resist Japanese aggression. YMCA and YWCA secretaries and other Protestant elites helped to broaden and legitimate this movement, a movement that unified the Chinese people and prepared them to resist the Japanese. These efforts were further strengthened by the work of the YMCA secretary, Liu Liangmo, and his National Salvation Song Movement.

Introduction

While Protestants made up only a small percentage of China’s overall population, they were heavily represented in the urban elite, mostly due to the contribution of Protestant schools and colleges, and the influence of organizations such as the YMCA and the YWCA. This elite was attracted to the Protestant message of national salvation, an extension of the message of social Christianity; they believed that the religion would help make China strong, prosperous and modern.

Turkey’s EEC membership as a canvas of struggle for identity: The NSP versus the JP

This article uncovers the relationship between the intra-paradigm power struggle of two rival political parties in 1970s Turkey and their identity formations. Given the economy-laden context of Turkish–European relations in the 1970s, the (re)production of Europe as an identificatory reference between the National Salvation Party (NSP) and the Justice Party (JP) is of special interest. This investigation will help shed light on how the power relations—that both actors were situated in—can be mirrored through their struggle for identity. Moreover, will it contribute to highlighting the functionality of foreign policy in the production of identity. In analytical terms, this study borrows case-restricted concepts from the post-structuralist theory of international relations, and gathers its case data from the 1970s National Assembly records.