Inequality: traditional drivers and the role of union power

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Jaumotte ◽  
Carolina Osorio Buitron
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Omitted Variables ◽  
Financial Deregulation ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates

Abstract We examine the factors explaining the increase in gross and net income inequality in advanced economies since the 1980s. Our results support the view that globalization, technological progress, financial deregulation and lower top marginal tax rates are associated with higher inequality, and we find that the relation between the decline in union density and the rise in top decile income shares—a phenomenon which labour economists have long been discussing—is widespread across advanced economies. The influence of union density on top income shares appears to be causal, as evidenced by our instrumental variable estimates and the inclusion of potentially omitted variables.

Issues with the Current Uneven Income Distributions

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
Vito Tanzi
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates ◽  
New Knowledge

Partly as a result of deregulation, cuts in marginal tax rates, globalization, the rise in importance of intellectual capital (combined with new communications technologies), the reduced power of labour unions, and more trust in the role of the market in determining some large compensations for CEOs, in recent decades there have been important changes in the distribution of incomes. Individuals in the top one, or 0.1 of the income distribution have been appropriating large shares of the growth of total income, while the majority of the population has seen their income stagnate. This has created resentment, and diminishing trust in the market and also in democratic institutions. We may be at a crossroads where, as in the 1920s, something will need to change. Keynes then called for “new knowledge.” The need for new knowledge seems to be equally acute now. That new knowledge should hopefully be “as simple as possible.”

Higher Taxes at the Top: The Role of Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Bettina Brüggemann
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Welfare Gains ◽  
Marginal Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates

This paper computes optimal top marginal tax rates in Bewley-Huggett-Aiyagari–type economies that include entrepreneurs. Consistent with the data, entrepreneurs are overrepresented at the top of the income distribution and are thus disproportionately affected by an increase in the top marginal income tax rate. The top marginal tax rate that maximizes welfare is 60 percent. While average welfare gains are positive and similar across occupations along the transition, they are larger for entrepreneurs than for workers in the long run, and this occupational gap in welfare gains after the tax increase widens with increasing income. (JEL D11, D21, D31, H21, H24, L26)

The Role of Research and Innovation in the Transformation of Agri-Food Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Mariana Sandu ◽  
Stefan Mantea
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
Rapid Transformation

Abstract Agri-food systems include branching ramifications, which connect in the upstream the input suppliers with farmers, and downstream farmers, processors, retailers and consumers. In the last decades, at the level of the regions, food systems have undergone rapid transformation as a result of technological progress. The paper analyzes the changes made to the structure, behavior and performance of the agri-food system and the impact on farmers and consumers. Also, the role of agricultural research as a determinant factor of transformation of agri-food system is analyzed. The research objective is to develop technologies that cover the entire food chain (from farm to fork) and meet the specific requirements of consumers (from fork to farm) through scientific solutions in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture and ensuring the safety and food safety of the population.

What's Happening to Profits at Cazenovia Creations?

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Garnsey ◽  
Andrea Hotaling
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Database Query ◽  
Microsoft Access ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Query Tool ◽  
Transaction Level

ABSTRACT In this case, students assume the role of an accounting professional asked by a client to investigate why net income is not as strong as expected. The students must first analyze a set of financial statements to identify areas of possible concern. After determining the areas to investigate, the students use a database query tool to see if they can determine causes by examining transaction level data. Finally, the students are asked to professionally communicate their findings and recommendations to their client. The case provides students with experience in using query-based approaches to answering business questions. It is appropriate for students with basic query and financial analysis skills and knowledge of internal controls. A Microsoft Access database with transaction details for the final seven months of the current year as well as financial statements for the current and prior year are provided.

Health Care

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pestieau ◽  
Mathieu Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Care Systems

This chapter reviews the public health care systems as well as their challenges. It first shows how expenditure on health care has evolved in previous decades and deals with the reasons for the growth observed in almost every European country. It emphasizes the role of technological progress as a main explanatory factor of the increase in medical expenditure but also points to the challenges facing cost-containment policies. Especially, the main common features of health care systems in Europe, such as third-party payment, single provider approach and cost-based reimbursement are discussed. Finally the chapter shows that although inequalities in health exist in the population, health care systems are redistributive. Reforms are thus needed but the trade-off between budgetary efficiency and equity is difficult.

Estimates of Effective Marginal Tax Rates on Factor Incomes

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Joines
Keyword(s):  
Tax Rates ◽  
Marginal Tax Rates
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