Endoscopic Endonasal and Supraorbital Removal of Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Anatomic Guides and Operative Nuances for Keyhole Approach Selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regin Jay Mallari ◽  
Jai Deep Thakur ◽  
John H Rhee ◽  
Amalia Eisenberg ◽  
Howard Krauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Changes ◽  
Keyhole Approach ◽  
Additional Tumor

Abstract BACKGROUND With growing worldwide endoscopy experience, endonasal and supraorbital removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSM) has increased. OBJECTIVE To describe anatomic factors for guiding approach selection and outcomes. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing endonasal or supraorbital TSM resection: approach criteria, clinical outcomes, acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR)/T2 changes. RESULTS From 2008 to 2020, 33 patients (mean age 55 ± 11 yr) were identified: 20 (61%) had endonasal and 13 (39%) supraorbital removal. Comparing endonasal and supraorbital approaches, mean tumor volume (3.7 ± 3.5 cm3 vs 7.7 ± 8.5 cm3, P = .07); percent tumor above planum (42% vs 65%, P = .02), and lateral tumor beyond supraclinoid internal carotid arteries (1.4 ± 2.0 mm vs 4.0 ± 3.2 mm, P = .006) were greater for supraorbital route. Sellar depth was greater for endonasal route tumors (12.2 ± 2.6 mm vs 9.3 ± 2.4 mm, P = .003). Endoscopy, used in 10/13(77%) supraorbital cases, was helpful in additional tumor removal in 4/10(40%). Gross total removal and mean volumetric tumor resection were 16/20(80%) and 97.5% by endonasal, and 5/13(39%) and 96% by supraorbital route. Vision improved in 12/17 (71%) endonasal, 6/8 (75%) supraorbital operations, and worsened in 1 (3%) supraorbital case. Endonasal approach with optic canal decompression increased over study period: 15/20 (75%) endonasal patients vs 1/13(8%) supraorbital (P < .001). Postoperative FLAIR/T2 MRI changes occurred in 2/12 supraorbital and 0/20 endonasal cases. CONCLUSION In our experience, both endonasal and supraorbital routes are safe and effective for TSM removal. Greater tumor extension below planum and medial optic canal invasion favor endonasal route, while larger size and lateral extension favor supraorbital route. Given high frequency of TSM growth into optic canals and better access for medial optic canal tumor removal, endonasal route may be preferred for most TSMs.

Endoscopic Endonasal Removal of Primary/Recurrent Meningiomas in the Medial Optic Canal: Surgical Technique and Long-Term Visual Outcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 470-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyohiko Sakata ◽  
Nobuyuki Takeshige ◽  
Yui Nagata ◽  
Hidenobu Yoshitake ◽  
Satoru Komaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Loss ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach ◽  
Endonasal Approach ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae

Abstract BACKGROUND Tuberculum sellae meningiomas frequently extend into the optic canals, which leads to a progressive longitudinal visual loss. Therefore, in addition to tumor removal, unroofing and exploration inside the optic canal are important procedures. OBJECTIVE To perform endoscopic endonasal tumor removal with optic canal decompression for small primary or recurrent meningiomas associated with a progressive visual loss at the inferior-medial optic canal, which corresponded to a blind corner in the ipsilateral pterional/subfrontal approach. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 2 cases of primary meningiomas that arose in the inferior-medial optic canal and 4 recurrent cases from the remnant inside the medial optic canal that had previously undergone craniotomy for tuberculum sellae meningiomas, and were treated by the endoscopic endonasal approach. RESULTS All tumors were detectable and could be removed without manipulation of the affected optic nerve. The average maximum diameter of the tumor was 8.4 mm (range: 5-12 mm). Two patients who had a long history of progressive visual disturbance and papillary atrophy did not recover from severe visual disturbances postoperatively. However, others showed considerable improvement, maintaining postoperative visual function during follow-up. There were no postoperative complications. CONCLUSION Endoscopic endonasal approach has several advantages for meningiomas in the medial optic canal and associated with progressive visual disturbance. In surgery of tuberculum sellae meningiomas, optic canal decompression and exploration inside the optic canal are important procedures to avoid symptomatic recurrence, which may be facilitated by the endoscopic endonasal approach. Papillary atrophy and duration of visual deterioration are predictive factors for postoperative visual outcomes.

Surgical nuances for removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas with optic canal involvement using the endoscopic endonasal extended transsphenoidal transplanum transtuberculum approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. E2 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Liu ◽  
Lana D. Christiano ◽  
Smruti K. Patel ◽  
R. Shane Tubbs ◽  
Jean Anderson Eloy
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Simpson Grade ◽  
Extended Transsphenoidal Approach ◽  
Suprasellar Region ◽  
Csf Leakage ◽  
Dural Attachment ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae

Tuberculum sellae meningiomas frequently extend into the optic canals. Radical tumor resection including the involved dural attachment, underlying hyperostotic bone, and intracanalicular tumor in the optic canal offers the best chance of a Simpson Grade I resection to minimize recurrence. Decompression of the optic canal with removal of the intracanalicular tumor also improves visual outcome since this portion of the tumor is usually the cause of asymmetrical visual loss. The purely endoscopic endonasal extended transsphenoidal approach offers a direct midline trajectory and immediate access to tuberculum sellae meningiomas without brain retraction and manipulation of neurovascular structures. Although the endoscopic approach has been previously criticized for its inability to remove tumor within the optic canals, complete Simpson Grade I tumor removal including intracanalicular tumor, dural attachment, and involved hyperostotic bone can be achieved in properly selected patients. Excellent visualization of the suprasellar region and the inferomedial aspects of both optic canals allows for extracapsular, extraarachnoid dissection of the tumor from the critical structures using bimanual microsurgical dissection. In this report, the authors describe the operative nuances for removal of tuberculum sellae meningiomas with optic canal involvement using a purely endoscopic endonasal extended transsphenoidal (transplanum transtuberculum) approach. They specifically highlight the technique for endonasal bilateral optic nerve decompression and removal of intracanalicular tumor to improve postoperative visual function, as demonstrated in 2 illustrative cases. Special attention is also given to cranial base reconstruction to prevent CSF leakage using the vascularized pedicled nasoseptal flap.

Endoscopic Endonasal Transmaxillary Transsphenoidal Approach for Excision of a Superior Orbital Fissure-Cavernous Sinus Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. E61-E62
Author(s):  
Ehab El Refaee ◽  
Steffen Fleck ◽  
Marc Matthes ◽  
Henry W S Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Superior Orbital Fissure ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Cavernous Sinus Meningioma ◽  
Left Middle

Abstract We present a 43-old-male who suffered from a slowly progressive loss of vision in the left eye. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a well-circumscribed contrast-enhancing lesion in the region of the anterior cavernous sinus and superior orbital fissure that extended into the optic canal. A schwannoma or meningioma was suspected. A transcranial surgery performed at another institution was not successful in removing the tumor and further deterioration of vision occurred. After resection of the left middle turbinate, the sphenoid and maxillary sinus were opened. The bulging of the tumor was seen at the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus. After bony decompression of the optic canal, the dura was opened. A meningioma was exposed that arose in between the dural layers of the cavernous sinus. A nice dissection plane was found and the tumor was circumferentially dissected and finally totally removed. There were no complications such as double vision or visual field deficit. MR imaging confirmed a total tumor resection. The visual acuity normalized within a few days. MR imaging obtained 3 yr after surgery shows no recurrence.

scholarly journals Supraorbital transciliary keyhole approach for removal of tuberculum sellae meningioma: 3D surgical video

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
J. Javier Cuellar-Hernandez ◽  
J. Ramon Olivas-Campos ◽  
Paulo M. Tabera-Tarello ◽  
Miracle Anokwute ◽  
Alan Valadez-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Optic Nerves ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma ◽  
Primary Indication ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae ◽  
Surgical Corridor ◽  
Keyhole Approach ◽  
Supraorbital Craniotomy

Background: Tuberculum sellae meningiomas have an incidence from 5 to 10% of all intracranial meningiomas[2] and tend to be surgically difficult and challenging tumors given their proximity to important structures such as the internal carotid artery (ICA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and optic nerves.[3] Typically, their growth is posteriorly and superiorly oriented, thereby displacing the optic nerves and causing visual dysfunction, which is the primary indication for surgical treatment.[1] The main goals of the treatment are the preservation or restoration of visual abilities and a complete tumor resection.[1] Conventionally, surgical approaches to tuberculum meningiomas involve largely invasive extended bifrontal, interhemispheric, orbitozygomatic, pterional, and subfrontal eyebrow approaches. The supraorbital craniotomy, however, is a minimally invasive transcranial approach that offers a similar surgical corridor to conventional transcranial approaches, using a limited craniotomy and minimal brain retraction that can be used for tumoral and vascular pathologies,[4,5] offering added cosmetic outcomes.[1] We present the case of a patient undergoing a supraorbital transciliary craniotomy with a tuberculum sellae meningioma causing bitemporal hemianopsia. Case Description: A 70-year-old female with chronic headaches and progressive vision loss and visual field deficit for about 1 year. On ophthalmological evaluation, she was able to fixate and follow objects with each eye, light perception was only present in the right eye, and the vision in the left eye was 0.2 decimal units. Her visual fields demonstrated severe campimetric deficits. Her extraocular movements were intact and bilateral pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light. MRI of the brain demonstrated tuberculum sellae meningioma with bilateral optic canal invasion, displacing the chiasm, and extending ≥180° around the medial ICA wall and anterior ACA wall. The patient underwent supraorbital transciliary keyhole approach for total resection of the tumor. Postoperatively, visual acuity and visual field were significantly improved. Conclusion: Performing a supraorbital transciliary keyhole craniotomy for tuberculum sellae meningiomas requires an adequate and meticulous preoperative planning to determine the optimal surgical corridor to the lesion. The use of supraorbital craniotomy is safe with good cosmetic results and potentially lower morbidity allowing for adequate exposure, resection, and release of neurovascular structures.

EFFECT OF EARLY OPTIC CANAL UNROOFING ON THE OUTCOME OF VISUAL FUNCTIONS IN SURGERY FOR MENINGIOMAS OF THE TUBERCULUM SELLAE AND PLANUM SPHENOIDALE

Neurosurgery ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Nozaki ◽  
Ken-ichiro Kikuta ◽  
Yasushi Takagi ◽  
Youhei Mineharu ◽  
Jun A. Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Planum Sphenoidale ◽  
Tumor Consistency ◽  
Optic Canal Unroofing

Abstract OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of early optic canal unroofing on visual function in patients with meningiomas of the tuberculum sellae and planum sphenoidale. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 20 consecutive patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas and two patients with planum sphenoidale meningiomas who were admitted to our institution from 1999 to 2007. Factors that may influence postoperative visual functions were analyzed, including patient's age and sex, duration of preoperative visual symptoms, preoperative visual acuity, tumor size, tumor consistency, tumor extension into the optic canal, tumor adhesion to the optic nerve, timing of optic canal unroofing, and tumor resection rate. RESULTS The mean patient age was 52.9 ± 13.7 years (range, 27–73 yr); 18 patients were women and four were men. The mean maximum tumor size was 2.3 ± 0.7 cm (range, 1.5–3.5 cm). Visual symptoms were present preoperatively in 19 patients, and three patients were asymptomatic. The mean duration of visual symptoms was 12.0 ± 16.4 months (range, 0–72 mo). Tumor resection was evaluated according to Simpson's grade, and Grade II was achieved in 14, Grade III in two, and Grade IV in six (two patients were recurrent cases). Tumors were extended into the optic canal in 15 patients, and severe adhesion to the optic nerve was observed in nine patients. Tumor consistency was soft in eight patients, intermediate in eight patients, and hard in six patients. The optic canal was unroofed early before dissection or manipulation of tumor in nine patients (early group) and after dissection of tumor in seven patients (late group), and optic canal unroofing was not performed in six patients (none group; no canal extension in two and intentional incomplete resection in four patients). Visual symptoms were improved in 10 patients, unchanged in seven patients, and worsened in five patients (transient in two and permanent in three). Logistic regression analysis revealed that early optic canal unroofing was an independent factor for postoperative improvement of visual symptoms. CONCLUSION Early optic canal unroofing may increase the possibility of improved preoperative visual symptoms in surgical resection of tuberculum sellae meningiomas and planum sphenoidale meningiomas.

TUBERCULUM SELLAE MENINGIOMAS

Neurosurgery ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Nakamura ◽  
Florian Roser ◽  
Melena Struck ◽  
Peter Vorkapic ◽  
Madjid Samii
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Neurosurgical Department ◽  
Improvement Rate ◽  
Visual Improvement ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae ◽  
Total Tumor Removal ◽  
Frontolateral Approach

Abstract OBJECTIVE Tuberculum sellae meningiomas present a special challenge because of their proximity to arteries of the anterior circulation, anterior visual pathways, and the hypothalamus. The authors report on the clinical outcome after surgical treatment of tuberculum sellae meningiomas in our neurosurgical department. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted analyzing the charts of the patients, including surgical records, discharge letters, histological records, follow-up records, and imaging studies. Patients with associated neurofibromatosis Type 2 were excluded from the study. RESULTS One thousand eight hundred meningiomas were operated on between 1978 and 2002. Seventy-two of these patients had tuberculum sellae meningiomas; four had undergone previous surgical procedures in outside hospitals. Fifty-five patients were women; 17 were men. Their mean age was 54.3 years (range, 30–86 yr). All patients had visual disturbances at presentation. Tumors were operated through the bifrontal approach (n = 21, from 1978 through 1995), the pterional/frontotemporal approach (n = 21, from 1982 through 2002), and the frontolateral approach (n = 30, from 1984 through 2002). Total tumor removal was achieved in most patients (Simpson 1 + 2, 91.7%). The perioperative mortality rate was 2.8% (two out of 72 patients). Immediate postoperative improvement of visual disturbance was observed in 65% of patients. Visual improvement was dependent on the duration of preoperative visual symptoms, but not on preoperative visual acuity or tumor size. The visual improvement rate was significantly better in patients who underwent frontolateral tumor resection (77.8%) compared with those who underwent bifrontal craniotomy (46.2%). The overall recurrence rate was 2.8% (two out of 72 patients). The mean follow-up time for all patients was 4 to 238 months (mean, 45.3 mo [3.8 yr]). CONCLUSION From 1978 through 2002, tuberculum sellae meningiomas were removed microsurgically using three different surgical approaches. Considering the operative morbidity and mortality, the frontolateral and pterional approach provided remarkable improvement compared with the bifrontal approach. These approaches allowed quick access to the tumor and were minimally invasive with less brain exposure, but still engendered high rates of total tumor removal. By comparison, the frontolateral approach provided the best results concerning visual outcome while representing the least invasive surgical approach.

scholarly journals Introduction: surgical management of skull base meningiomas

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (videosuppl2) ◽  
pp. Intro ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Zada ◽  
Mustafa K Başkaya ◽  
Mitesh V. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae ◽  
Skull Base Meningiomas

Meningiomas represent the most common primary intracranial neoplasm treated by neurosurgeons. Although multimodal treatment of meningiomas includes surgery, radiation-based treatments, and occasionally medical therapy, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for most symptomatic meningiomas. Because of the intricate relationship of the dura mater and arachnoid mater with the central nervous system and cranial nerves, meningiomas can arise anywhere along the skull base or convexities, and occasionally even within the ventricular system, thereby mandating a catalog of surgical approaches that neurosurgeons may employ to individualize treatment for patients. Skull base meningiomas represent some of the most challenging pathology encountered by neurosurgeons, on account of their depth, invasion, vascularity, texture/consistency, and their relationship to bony anatomy, cranial nerves, and blood vessels. Resection of complex skull base meningiomas often mandates adequate bony removal to achieve sufficient exposure of the tumor and surrounding region, in order to minimize brain retraction and optimally identify, protect, control, and manipulate sensitive neurovascular structures. A variety of traditional skull base approaches has evolved to address complex skull base tumors, of which meningiomas are considered the paragon in terms of both complexity and frequency.In this supplemental video issue of Neurosurgical Focus, contributing authors from around the world provide instructional narratives demonstrating resection of a variety of skull base meningiomas arising from traditionally challenging origins, including the clinoid processes, tuberculum sellae, dorsum sellae, petroclival region, falco-tentorial region, cerebellopontine angle, and foramen magnum. In addition, two cases of extended endoscopic endonasal approaches for tuberculum sellae and dorsum sellae meningiomas are presented, representing the latest evolution in accessing the skull base for selected tumors. Along with key pearls for safe tumor resection, an equally important component of open and endoscopic skull base operations for meningiomas addressed by the contributing authors is the reconstruction aspect, which must be performed meticulously to prevent delayed cerebrospinal fluid leakage and/or infections. This curated assortment of instructional videos represents the authors’ optimal treatment paradigms pertaining to the selection of approach, setup, exposure, and principles to guide tumor resection for a wide spectrum of complex meningiomas.

scholarly journals Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to Pituitary Adenomas

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Paulo Henrique Pires De Aguiar ◽  
Edward R. Laws Junior ◽  
Robert Dodd ◽  
Peter Hwang ◽  
Anne E. Getz
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Transsphenoidal Surgery ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Complete Tumor Resection ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Complete Tumor Removal ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Complete Tumor

Microscopic transsphenoidal surgery is beyond any doubt a widely accepted and highly effective therapy for pituitary adenomas. Currently several centers have converted to an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach; suggesting that this technique provides more complete tumor resection, better visualization and reduce complications. However, there have been few series to document the results of this procedure. This report presents the technical details and compares it to the results of the microscopic method based on the experience of the group and a literature review. The endoscopic transnasal/ transsphenoidal technique is a safe and effective method for removal of pituitary adenomas. The results found in the literature suggest that the endoscope provides more complete tumor removal, and reduces complications. We believe that the advantages of the endoscopic technique will allow this procedure to become the future gold standard surgical therapy for pituitary adenomas.

Direct epidural electrical stimulation of the optic nerve: a new method for intraoperative assessment of function

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Bošnjak ◽  
Mitja Benedièiè
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Tumor Removal ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Light Flashes ◽  
Stimulation Of

Intraoperative visual system monitoring of lesions with a close relationship to the optic apparatus by using light flashes reportedly is difficult to perform, and the results are too unreliable to interpret. The authors used direct epidural electrical stimulation of the optic nerve (ON) during surgery instead of light flashes. Four patients were included in this feasibility study. In 3 patients—1 each harboring a planum sphenoidale meningioma, a tuberculum sellae meningioma, and an intraorbital ON sheath meningioma—2 stimulating needle electrodes were placed on each side of the ON just anterior to the optic canal, before unroofing the optic canal and an extradural anterior clinoidectomy. In the fourth patient, who harbored a frontotemporal astrocytoma, stimulation was applied at the exit of the ON from the canal. The electrically induced visual evoked potentials (eVEPs) were recorded from the scalp before, during, and after tumor removal. A typical eVEP consisted of N20 and N40 waves. The amplitude of the N40 wave varied up to 25% prior to tumor removal. In the patient with a symptomatic tuberculum sellae meningioma, the decompressive effect of opening the optic canal and the impact of manipulation during piecemeal tumor removal were detected by the eVEPs. In the patient with an ON sheath meningioma and light sensation, only the N20 wave was observed. Epidural electrical stimulation of the ON is a safe means of providing a stable signal and real-time information on nerve conduction during surgery. It may be a useful adjunct in improving visual outcomes postoperatively. Further clinical studies are necessary.

scholarly journals Selection of endoscopic or transcranial surgery for tuberculum sellae meningiomas according to specific anatomical features: a retrospective multicenter analysis (KOSEN-002)

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 838-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doo-Sik Kong ◽  
Chang-Ki Hong ◽  
Sang Duk Hong ◽  
Do-Hyun Nam ◽  
Jung-Il Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Optic Canal ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Anterior Clinoid Process ◽  
Endoscopic Endonasal ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stable Vision ◽  
Tuberculum Sellae

OBJECTIVEThe endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) and the transcranial approach (TCA) are good options for the treatment of tuberculum sellae (TS) meningiomas. The objective of this study was to identify the key anatomical features in TS meningiomas and compare the two surgical approaches.METHODSThe authors retrospectively reviewed clinical data in 178 patients with TS meningiomas treated at 3 institutions between January 2010 and July 2016. Patients with tumors encasing the internal carotid artery or anterior cerebral artery or involving the anterior clinoid process or cavernous sinus were excluded. Tumors were classified as high-lying or low-lying based on their location, and involvement of the optic canal was evaluated. The surgical outcomes of EEA and TCA were analyzed according to the relevant anatomical features.RESULTSDuring the study period, 84 patients underwent EEA and 94 patients underwent TCA. Based on preoperative MR images, 43 (24.2%) meningiomas were classified as high-lying tumors, 126 (70.8%) as low-lying, and 9 (5.0%) as nonspecific. Gross-total resection (GTR) was performed in 145 patients (81.5%); the GTR rate did not differ significantly between the EEA and TCA groups. Of 157 patients with preoperative visual disturbance, 140 had improved or stable vision postoperatively. However, 17 patients (9.6%) experienced some visual deterioration after surgery. The TCA group had a worse visual outcome than the EEA group in patients with preoperative optic canal involvement (77.6% vs 93.2%, p = 0.019), whereas there was no significant difference in visual outcome based on whether tumors were high-lying or low-lying.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study support EEA over TCA, at least with respect to visual improvement with acceptable complications, although TCA is still an effective approach for TS meningioma.

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