Counterpoint

2019 ◽  
pp. 188-203
Author(s):  
Christopher Berg
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Left Hand

The technique required to perform counterpoint convincingly on the guitar is not idiomatic to the instrument. Left-hand fingers must be able to sustain one note while other fingers move to form other notes. In order to take advantage of the instrument’s contrapuntal capabilities, guitarists need to design meticulous fingerings that are connected to musical intent for both hands. This chapter first looks at two-voice pieces by Enriquez de Valderrabano, Mauro Giuliani, Marco Aurelio Zani de Ferranti, and Dionisio Aguado and then proceeds to explore pieces by Fernando Sor that make use of freistimmigkeit textures. The chapter concludes with a recercar by Giovanni Maria da Crema and four fantasias by Francesco da Milano, the latter being some of the finest sixteenth-century lute music. Music in this chapter requires increasingly developed left-hand finger independence.

The Left Hand of God: Despair in Medieval and Renaissance Tradition

1965 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 18-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Faerie Queene ◽  
Renaissance Literature ◽  
Prodigal Son ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Traditional Morality ◽  
Renaissance Epic ◽  
The Faerie Queene

A man of hell, that cals himselfe Despaire(Faerie Queene, I, ix, 28)Penser's moving description of the Redcrosse Knight's encounter with Despaire in Book One of The Faerie Queene is the culmination of a long and rich movement of thought and imagery. Here, as so often in his great Renaissance epic, Spenser looks back to the middle ages, drawing on a still-vital tradition to present the ugly, sinister figure with its knives and ropes and its soulpiercing arguments.In spite of the tides of secularism, despair in its theological sense—loss of hope of salvation—figures significantly in Renaissance literature. Examining England alone, one notes its place in the traditional morality play pattern as the turning point of the hero's downward movement: Skelton's Magnyfycence is a prominent example. Despair episodes have a somewhat similar place in the prodigal son dramas which were popular during the middle decades of the sixteenth century, such plays as Lusty Juventus, Misogonus, and Nice Wanton.

TOWARD CIVILIZED BEHAVIOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
Keith Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Polite Society ◽  
Sense Of Shame

. . .Changes in table manners are not mere curiosities. On the contrary, they reflect fundamental shifts in human relationships. The men who ceased to eat from the same dish and drink from the same cup were separated by a new wall of restraint and embarrassment at the bodily functions of others. This new sense of shame was visible in many areas. Originally people spat on the floor; then they were encouraged to put their foot over the spittle; later they used a spittoon; finally even that symbol of delicacy disappeared and they ceased to spit in polite society altogether. In the same way they progressed from blowing their noses on their sleeves to using their left hand, to using only two fingers, to adopting a handkerchief (Erasmus left only two forks, but he owned thirty-nine handkerchiefs). Instead of sleeping naked, several to a bed, they put on nightclothes and converted bedrooms into private, intimate areas. Nudity became shameful and an unmade bed was an embarrassing spectacle. Similar inhibitions grew up around the bodily functions. In the sixteenth century it was considered dangerous to hold one's wind; by the eighteenth century it was a major solecism to release it in company. Defecating and urinating became private activities, screened from public gaze. Language became more delicate. Prudery surrounded wedding ceremonies, prostitution, and the discussion of sexual matters. The aggressive impulses were inhibited. To express pleasure in violence, whether in mutilating one's opponents in battle or in burning cats alive (an animal ceremony in sixteenth century Paris) came to be regarded as "sick" or "infantile."

Maxims of Foreign Policy

Itinerario ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
W.J. Boot
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Japanese Identity

In the pre-modern period, Japanese identity was articulated in contrast with China. It was, however, articulated in reference to criteria that were commonly accepted in the whole East-Asian cultural sphere; criteria, therefore, that were Chinese in origin.One of the fields in which Japan's conception of a Japanese identity was enacted was that of foreign relations, i.e. of Japan's relations with China, the various kingdoms in Korea, and from the second half of the sixteenth century onwards, with the Portuguese, Spaniards, Dutchmen, and the Kingdom of the Ryūkū.

Identification of Asbestos Fibres in a Water Sample by X-Ray Microanalysis

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
K. A. Brookes ◽  
D. Finbow ◽  
Madeleine Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Water Sample ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Transmission Imaging ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Normal Specimen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Cooling ◽  
Normal Transmission ◽  
Additional Port

Investigation of the particulate matter contained in the water sample, revealed the presence of a number of different types and certain of these were selected for analysis.An A.E.I. Corinth electron microscope was modified to accept a Kevex Si (Li) detector. To allow for existing instruments to be readily modified, this was kept to a minimum. An additional port is machined in the specimen region to accept the detector, with the liquid nitrogen cooling dewar conveniently housed in the left hand cupboard adjacent to the microscope column. Since background radiation leads to loss in the sensitivity of the instrument, great care has been taken to reduce this effect by screening and manufacturing components that are near the specimen from material of low atomic number. To change from normal transmission imaging to X-ray analysis, the special 4-position specimen rod is inserted through the normal specimen airlock.

The microtubule associated protein (MAP) tau forms a new class of triple-stranded left-hand helical fibrous protein polymer

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. C. Ruben ◽  
K. Iqbal ◽  
I. Grundke-Iqbal ◽  
H. Wisniewski ◽  
T. L. Ciardelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Ratio ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Paired Helical Filaments ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
New Class ◽  
Protein Polymer ◽  
Fibrous Protein ◽  
Protein Map ◽  
Neurotransmitter Transport ◽  
Alzheimer Neurofibrillary Tangles

In neurons, the microtubule associated protein, tau, is found in the axons. Tau stabilizes the microtubules required for neurotransmitter transport to the axonal terminal. Since tau has been found in both Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and in paired helical filaments (PHF), the study of tau's normal structure had to preceed TEM studies of NFT and PHF. The structure of tau was first studied by ultracentrifugation. This work suggested that it was a rod shaped molecule with an axial ratio of 20:1. More recently, paraciystals of phosphorylated and nonphosphoiylated tau have been reported. Phosphorylated tau was 90-95 nm in length and 3-6 nm in diameter where as nonphosphorylated tau was 69-75 nm in length. A shorter length of 30 nm was reported for undamaged tau indicating that it is an extremely flexible molecule. Tau was also studied in relation to microtubules, and its length was found to be 56.1±14.1 nm.

Single molecule optical diffraction: A tool for understanding the structure of triple stranded left-hand helical cellulose

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1024-1025
Author(s):  
George C. Ruben ◽  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Helical Structure ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Tobacco primary cell wall and normal bacterial Acetobacter xylinum cellulose formation produced a 36.8±3Å triple-stranded left-hand helical microfibril in freeze-dried Pt-C replicas and in negatively stained preparations for TEM. As three submicrofibril strands exit the wall of Axylinum , they twist together to form a left-hand helical microfibril. This process is driven by the left-hand helical structure of the submicrofibril and by cellulose synthesis. That is, as the submicrofibril is elongating at the wall, it is also being left-hand twisted and twisted together with two other submicrofibrils. The submicrofibril appears to have the dimensions of a nine (l-4)-ß-D-glucan parallel chain crystalline unit whose long, 23Å, and short, 19Å, diagonals form major and minor left-handed axial surface ridges every 36Å.The computer generated optical diffraction of this model and its corresponding image have been compared. The submicrofibril model was used to construct a microfibril model. This model and corresponding microfibril images have also been optically diffracted and comparedIn this paper we compare two less complex microfibril models. The first model (Fig. 1a) is constructed with cylindrical submicrofibrils. The second model (Fig. 2a) is also constructed with three submicrofibrils but with a single 23 Å diagonal, projecting from a rounded cross section and left-hand helically twisted, with a 36Å repeat, similar to the original model (45°±10° crossover angle). The submicrofibrils cross the microfibril axis at roughly a 45°±10° angle, the same crossover angle observed in microflbril TEM images. These models were constructed so that the maximum diameter of the submicrofibrils was 23Å and the overall microfibril diameters were similar to Pt-C coated image diameters of ∼50Å and not the actual diameter of 36.5Å. The methods for computing optical diffraction patterns have been published before.

Editorial Note

1946 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-2
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Note ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Hand Column ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Infant Speech ◽  
The Right

In the article “Infant Speech Sounds and Intelligence” by Orvis C. Irwin and Han Piao Chen, in the December 1945 issue of the Journal, the paragraph which begins at the bottom of the left hand column on page 295 should have been placed immediately below the first paragraph at the top of the right hand column on page 296. To the authors we express our sincere apologies.

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