Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Jorge Daniel Taillant
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Atmospheric Warming

This chapter sets the stage for a discussion on glacier vulnerability, explaining why it is important and how the author decided to become a cryoactivist (and work to protect the Earth’s frozen environment). It explains the basic relevance of glacier cover on the planet, glaciers’ general location by region of the Earth, and some of the most notorious characteristics of glaciers, their vulnerabilities, and the impacts caused by their accelerating melt, including sea level rise, glacier tsunamis, and ocean and atmospheric warming. The chapter also describes certain invisible subsurface glaciers in the little known and little understood periglacial environment. Finally, it outlines the rest of the book into its respective chapters and subject matter with a brief summary of each topic, covering sea level rise, water supply, albedo (reflectivity), gaseous emissions, glacier tsunamis, and ocean and air current warming, among others.

scholarly journals Climate change in the recent geological past and the near future. Predicting its impacts: a Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Constantinos Perisoratis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geological Past ◽  
Near Future

The climate changes are necessarily related to the increase of the Earth’s temperature, resulting in a sea level rise. Such continuous events, were taking place with minor and greater intensity, during the alternation of warm and cool periods in the Earth during the Late Quaternary and the Holocene periods. However, a particularly significant awareness has taken place in the scientific community, and consequently in the greater public, in the last decades: that a climatic change will take place soon, or it is on-going, and that therefore it is important to undertake drastic actions. However, such a climatic change has not been recorded yet, and hence the necessary actions are not required, for the time being.

Long-term observations at the Geodynamic Observatory Moxa: Can we identify evidence for climate change?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius Schwarze ◽  
Thomas Jahr ◽  
Andreas Goepel ◽  
Valentin Kasburg ◽  
Nina Kukowski
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Optical Fibre ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Subsurface Temperature ◽  
Loading Effect ◽  
Tidal Waves ◽  
The Earth

<p>Longterm geophysical recordings of natural Earth’s parameters besides other signals also may contain past and ongoing temperature fluctuations, as they are occurring e.g. when groundwater moves or when climate changes. Similarly, repeated logs or continuous recordings reveal the amount of ongoing climate fluctuations. However, such thermal signals in the subsurface also may have other causes, e.g. groundwater motion or fluid infiltration after strong rainfall events. The Geodynamic Observatory Moxa of the Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Germany, is an ideal test site for long-term monitoring of the subsurface temperature distribution in boreholes using optical fibre temperature-sensing, as it is equipped with a variety of complementary sensors.</p><p>A 100 m deep borehole on the ground of the Observatory, is equipped with an optical fibre and a water level gauge. Clearly shown in the records of the first five years of continuous recordings are seasonal temperature fluctuations. Seasonal fluctuations could be identified down to a depth of about 20 m and diurnal temperature signals down to 1.2 m. Precipitation events may influence subsurface temperature still in a depth as deep as 15 m. Besides these, temperature anomalies were detected at two depths, 20 m and 77 m below the surface. These anomalies most probably result from enhanced groundwater flow in aquifers. Recordings of deformation from laser strain meter systems installed in a gallery at Moxa, which are highly sensitive to pore pressure fluctuations, and measuring the physical properties during drilling the borehole, help to identify and quantify the causes of the observed  temperature fluctuations.</p><p>For more than 20 years variations of the Earth’s gravity field have been observed at the Observatory Moxa employing the superconducting gravimeter CD-034. Besides the free oscillations of the Earth and hydrological effects, the tides of the solid Earth are the strongest signals found in the time series. Tidal analysis of the main constituents leads to obtaining the indirect effect for all tidal waves which is mainly controlled by the loading effect of the oceans. Satellite altimetry revealed a mean global sea level rise of about 3.3 mm/a which may be caused amongst others mainly by ice melting processes in the polar regions. However, more detailed analyses and resulting global maps show that the sea level rise is not uniformly distributed over all oceans. This means that actual and future tidal water mass movements could vary regionally and even locally.  As a consequence, the tidal parameter controlled by the ocean loading effect could change over long-term observation periods and it should possibly be detectable as a trend or temporal variation of the tidal gravity parameters locally. Actually, a long-term change of the tidal parameters is observed for the main tidal waves like K1 and O1 in the diurnal and for M2 and K2 in the semi-diurnal frequency band. However, it is not clear if these changes can be correlated with sea level changes as observed from satellite data. On the other hand, surface and subsurface temperature fluctuations directly reveal the size of the thermal signal inherent to climate change.</p>

Sea Level Rise and Implication on Coastal Process: A Review

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shatirah Akib ◽  
Afshin Jahangirzadeh ◽  
Babak Kamali ◽  
Noor Liana Mamat
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Coastal Process ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Global Sea Level

The purpose of this review paper is to summarise the literature on sea level rise and its implication on coastal process. Sea level rise is the increase of volume of water in the oceans and seas relative to increase in height when compared to the ground level. Sea water covers increase when the sea level raises increase. Coastal process is the set of mechanisms that operate along a coastline, bringing about various combinations of erosion and deposition. Impacts in vulnerable regions of the Earth will be expected to have far reaching and dramatic by an accelerated global sea level rise. The other impacts of rising sea level are changes in salinity distribution in estuaries alteration in coastal circulation patterns, destruction of transportation infrastructure in low lying areas, and increase in pressure on coastal levee systems. The causes of a sea level rise are global warming and excessive extraction of groundwater in some areas.

scholarly journals Icy Interactions

Eos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Fyke ◽  
Olga Sergienko ◽  
Marcus L�fverstr�m ◽  
Stephen Price ◽  
Jan Lenaerts
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Earth

Complex interactions between ice sheets and other components of the Earth system determine how ice sheets contribute to sea level rise.

Good Morning, Atlantis!

World on Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 19-40
Author(s):  
Mark Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Good Morning ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Waves

This chapter describes the problems facing a particular coastal metropolis—Miami, Florida—in the face of sea-level rise induced by climate change. The science underlying sea-level rise is outlined, and important concepts such as marine ice cliff instability are introduced. Sea-level rises of between 1 and 7 feet can be expected by 2100, although where in this range such rises fall is a matter of significant uncertainty. Sinking beneath the waves—which would, barring significant architectural interventions, occur when sea-level rise reaches 5 to 7 feet—is the least of Miami’s problems. It will cease to exist as a viable city long before this, due to problems with water supply and disposal of wastewater, and the resulting financial crises engendered by this. Sea-level rise is far from the worst problem engendered by climate change. We focus on it only because it is easily quantified.

IBSE approach to study climate change from 90 degrees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Lugaro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
The Earth

<p> </p><p>Scientific evidence of climate warming is today clear and well admitted within the scientific community. It is crucial to educate students about the climate crisis we are facing and the consequences that will occur at global level. Climate science is a complex topic, involving a cross-curricular learning experience linking biology, geology, physics and chemistry.  Within such a complex theme, Polar Science plays a crucial role to understand how global warming and climate change are affecting and will affect our planet. Polar Regions are indeed among the most fragile and vulnerable areas, regulating the equilibrium of the whole planet, and the effects of global warming are already showing great changes in these regions.</p><p>In this work, the IBSE (Inquiry Based Science Education) approach has been proposed to 14-16 years old students, to analyse how climate change is affecting the North Pole and South Pole, and which are the effects on the planet. Within this approach, students work independently, learning through experiments planned by themselves about the key role the Polar Regions play in the Earth’s climate system. They conducted some experiments regarding two major processes that contribute to sea level rise, by establishing whether land ice, sea ice or both contributes to sea level rise, and by determining whether the warming of the oceans contributes to sea level rise.</p><p>This test has shown valuable results about the involvement of the students and their understanding of the processes occurring at the Polar Regions and their links with the whole Earth’s climate system. With the IBSE approach, students practice and experiment several   skills they do not usually use such as working in a team, communicate and interact with other students to answer question, formulate hypothesis, share their ideas and collaborate in a group to find methodologies and possible solutions. Moreover, the design of the experiments made up by themselves has revealed to be a major advance to make the students more aware of the key role the Polar Regions play in the Earth’s climate system. IBSE approach, student-centered and problem-centered, has confirmed to be a valuable tool to encourage creativity, innovation and collaboration in the classroom, engaging and motivating pupils.</p><p> </p>

Tectonic Movement and Sea-Level Rise

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
Fu Ping Zhong ◽  
Wei Feng Kou ◽  
Qiang Bian
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Tectonic Movement ◽  
The West ◽  
West Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
West Antarctic ◽  
The Earth

Recently, many strong magnitude earthquakes and volcanoes have taken place on earth, which reveals that the Earth perhaps in its active period of tectonic movement currently. The heat flow will increase during the active period of tectonic movement, and it can provide meltwater to lubricate the basal layer of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which can leads to the sea-level rise.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

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