The Chinese Intrigue in Kalimpong

2021 ◽  
pp. 410-459
Author(s):  
Tansen Sen
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
A Site ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
India And China ◽  
Volume Of Trade

This chapter focuses on Kalimpong, a small Himalayan town located in northern West Bengal, India. In the mid-1940s, the British intelligence officials in India identified trade through Kalimpong into Tibet as an activity that required surveillance and inspection. These officials produced detailed records on the types of commodity traded, volume of trade, diverse groups traders, and smuggling of goods. Such surveillance and intelligence gathering continued after the establishment of independent India in 1947. The intelligence officials paid special attention to individuals in Kalimpong suspected as spies for the Chinese government, both the Kuomintang and the People’s Republic of China. Using these intelligence records, the chapter analyses the portrayal of Kalimpong as a site of covert and clandestine activity. It spotlights several individuals who were identified as ‘Chinese agents’, the complicated and problematic nature of intelligence gathering and recording, the arbitrariness of the categories ‘Chinese’, ‘Tibetan’, and ‘Indian’ in a place such as Kalimpong, and the ways in which the changing geopolitical relationship between India and China in the late 1950s impacted Kalimpong and its Chinese residents.

scholarly journals Legal policy of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in the area of digitalization of national currency

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Anna Sergeevna Konopiy ◽  
Boris Andreevich Borisov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
National Currency ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
The Russian Federation

The subject of this research is digital national currencies of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. The advent of the new digital era entails inevitable, objectively dictated digital transformations of all spheres of social life. The financial and banking sector in Russia, China, and other countries, is in need for legislative-digital regulation by implementing digital fiat currency. One of the most promising vectors of development is the creation and introduction of new forms of currencies into circulation, which would be recognized by public authority as a legal means of payment, as well as subject to effective oversight by government bodies. The novelty of this research lies in the comparative legal analysis of the experience, as well as the stages of implementation of digital national currency in the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. The article raised a pressing issue on feasibility of introducing digital ruble into the Russian reality, and thus, discusses successful experience of the Chinese government that a millennium ago was first to invent paper currency, and now is one of the world leaders to introduce digital currency alongside cash money. The concept of “digital currency” is often identified with cryptocurrencies and payment systems, which prompted the authors to conduct a comparative analysis of these terms. The analysis of Russian and Chinese legislation in the area of digital currency, as well as the established practice of implementing a new monetary form into the country’s economy, allowed outlining the pros and cons of such innovation.

scholarly journals Social Credit System in the People's Republic of China: normative legal framework and principles of functionality

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Roman Z. Rouvinsky ◽  
Tatiana Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Social Credit ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Social

This article examines the normative legal framework and principles of functionality of the Social Credit System that is currently being implemented in the People's Republic of China. For the first time in legal science, the Social Credit System is viewed not as an organizational and regulatory technique that in one or another way is related to law, but rather as an independent legal institution relevant to the branch of administrative law. The application of formal-legal and comparative-legal methods allows describing the hierarchy of sources of the Chinese law pertaining to social credit mechanisms and procedures, as well as giving characteristics to major provisions of the corresponding normative acts. The peculiarities of legal regulation of the mechanisms and procedures that comprise the Social Credit System in PRC include the following aspects: sublegislative nature of such regulation, prevalence of joint lawmaking, focal role of normative legal acts of the Chinese government, declarative character and ambiguity of multiple legal provisions with regards to the Social Credit System. The author underline the specificity of interpretation of the normative legal acts of the People's Republic of China, usage by the lawmaking branches of moral categories in formulation of provisions for regulation of elaboration and implementation of the social credit mechanisms. The provisions of governmental and departmental normative legal acts pertaining to the Social Credit System are correlated with the provisions of the current Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

The Case for Recognizing Peking Now—or in 1992

Worldview ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Gerald F. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
General Question ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

If Secretary of State Vance's “exploratory” trip to China proved nothing else, it demonstrated once again that because our relations with Taiwan are the main obstacles to recognizing the People's Republic of China, it is Taiwan, not mainland China, that poses the main problem for American foreign policy in Asia. To a man the Chinese reiterated their conditions for establishing relations: abrogate the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1954; break diplomatic relations with Taiwan; and withdraw the American military personnel from the island. With respect to the general question of Taiwan, they all referred back to the PRC section of the Shanghai Communique (published jointly with our own):The Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all U.S. forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of “one China, two governments,” “two Chinas” and “independent Taiwan” or advocate that “the status of Taiwan remains to be determined” [The “Shanghai Communique,” February 27, 1972].

Pig empire under infectious threat: risk of African swine fever introduction into the People's Republic of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (5) ◽  
pp. 117-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothée Vergne ◽  
Cao Chen-Fu ◽  
Shuo Li ◽  
Julien Cappelle ◽  
John Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Socioeconomic Consequences ◽  
Very High ◽  
Pork Consumption

Pig production and pork consumption are very important to the People's Republic of China for both economic and cultural reasons. The incursion and spread of a disease such as African swine fever (ASF), which emerged in Eastern Europe in 2007, could have devastating socioeconomic consequences for both the Chinese and the global pig industry. The Chinese government consequently attributes a very high priority to ASF and is actively seeking to improve its preparedness. This paper discusses different drivers and pathways of potential emergence of ASF in China in light of the country's specificities, including international movements of people, pigs and pig products, swill feeding practices and wild boar populations. It suggests that effective ASF risk management in China will require a comprehensive and integrated approach linking science and policy and will need to involve all relevant stakeholders to develop realistic policies.

scholarly journals Partycypacja społeczna jako filar demokracji środowiskowej w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-244
Author(s):  
Justyna Bazylińska-Nagler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China

The latest revision from 2014 of the Chinese Environmental Protection Law introduced a new mechanism of public participation in environmental law-making. It forces the Chinese legislative process to be more transparent and inclusive, that is to say — involve civil society and NGOs. Generally, this development deserves support and approval; there are, however, several shortcomings that should be addressed in the future. For instance, neither the level of cooperation between legislature and civil society nor the outcomes of public participation do always meet social expectations. The purpose of this work was to research the Chinese model of public participation in environmental decision-making, bearing in mind the authoritarian governance of the People’s Republic of China. Then, to analyze the real impact of the international cooperation and standards on the application of this model. Specifically, the EU–China Environmental Governance Programme (2010–2015) was discussed as a very influential example. The outcome of the research shows that Chinese environmental law has been notably shaped by public international and European law. There are considerable similarities between the legal instruments of environmental democracy applied in China and public international law standards promoted by the United Nations and the European Union through the implementation of the Aarhus Convention of 1998. And, without doubt, it has to be recognised that the People’s Republic of China has its own rich and diversified, however contradictory during the course of history, doctrines and a jurisprudence body of work considering civil society’s participatory role in decision-making. Each of the successive Chinese forms of government — beginning with despotism, then a glimpse of democracy, totalitarianism, and, finally, authoritarianism — did leave their mark on the Chinese political thought and law regarding the desired participation level of society (i.e. various civil movements and NGOs) in state affairs. In this day and age, social interest and support for the environmental protection is well-accepted by the Chinese government, especially due to the current plan of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to build an “ecological civilization” in China.

scholarly journals REGULATORY MEASURES AGAINST “DRUNK DRIVING”: CHINA’S EXPERIENCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Павел Трощинский ◽  
Pavel Troshchinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Drunk Driving ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Impaired Driving ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Law ◽  
Drunk Drivers

The subject of this research includes legal regulations imposed by the Chinese government to combat alcohol (drug-)-impaired driving, and the most high-profile cases containing the elements of the offence at hand are listed as well. The author analyzes the current legislation of the People’s Republic of China that sets out criminal, administrative and disciplinary liability for “drunk drivers”. The research also includes provisions of the PRC Criminal Code, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Road Traffic Safety, several regulatory instruments adopted by various national authorities, the PRC’s Supreme People’s Court’s elucidation on applying the existing legal regulations in the analyzed sphere. Special attention is paid to the statistical data that confirm the high degree of public danger of the offence at hand, as well as its influence on the overall criminal situation in the country. The conducted research is based on the comparative law methodology; a systematic approach, technical, historical and statistical methods are used to achieve objectives stated in the article. The academic novelty of the research is that comprehensive analysis of the Chinese government’s fight against “drink driving” (its regulatory aspect) has been carried out for the first time in the Russian Jurisprudence and Chinese studies. It is worth mentioning that Chinese law-makers have chosen to include into the Criminal Law a provision criminalizing the alcohol-(drug-) impaired driving regardless of the consequences. This step was preceded by a considerable increase in the number of road accidents caused by drunk drivers. Should two or more people die, Chinese courts impose harsh criminal liability measures on the perpetrator, up to life imprisonment or, in certain cases, even to capital punishment. Moreover, the “drunk driver” is to be dismissed from the civil service and expelled from the ruling party, if he was convicted of the offence at hand. Measures imposed by Chinese law-makers resulted in drastic decrease in the number of road accidents caused by drunk drivers, as well as in considerable decrease in the number of people killed on the Chinese roads.

scholarly journals Responsibility of People’s Republic of China for Minority Based on ICERD: Uyghur Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Yordan Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ◽  
Atrocity Crimes

People’s Republic of China is allegedly committed racial discrimination toward Uyghurs for the last few years. Uyghurs is one of the minority ethnics who live in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) China. The Chinese government builds re-education camp for Uyghurs and being detained even imprisoned without a proper legal procedure. The research aims to know the implementation of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and the Responsibility to Protect Perspective in Uyghurs case. The study employed normative legal research with Statute Approach and Case Approach. By using qualitative descriptive method, the study elaborated on how China upholds the minority rights through the implementation of ICERD, and how the international law perspective in the context of responsibility to protect Uyghur case is. The result shows that China has not been successfully implementing ICERD toward minority groups because in practice China does racial discrimination toward Uyghurs. Also, China fails to implement the first pillar of Responsibility to Protect (R2P), where China should protect its citizen from any kind of mass atrocity crimes.

Urban System and Urban Development in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Ming Lu
Keyword(s):  
Urban System ◽  
City Size ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
Country Analysis

There is a trend of population concentration towards large coastal cities in The People’s Republic of China (PRC). However, there is a distortion of city size towards small cities in the PRC. That is to say, urban population in China should further concentrate in large cities rather than be more equally spread out. Cross-country analysis also indicates that the population size of the primary city in the PRC is smaller than its predicted value. The discussion in this chapter suggests that the Chinese government should adjust the policies on future urbanization with fewer restrictions on the further growth of megacities.

scholarly journals General Characteristics of the Financial Markets in the People’s Republic of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
M. Arakcheevа
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Banking System ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Government

In this article the author presents the main characteristics of the economy of the People’s Republic of China. First of all, the Chinese government has a prudent policy of gradual opening and liberalisation of the economy. However, significant impact on economic development and the state of international settlements in the Asian region is influenced by currency and monetary policy. Therefore, for Chinese state authorities maintenance of stable national currency becomes especially important. In the early 1980s, the government began opening the banking system and the four state-owned specialised banks to accept deposits and perform banking activities. Also, the author analysed development of financial markets of the People’s Republic of China. Finally, the author discussed the emerging markets of bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in China.

scholarly journals The Characteristics and Enlightenment of the Specialization and Professionalization of College Counselors since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
College Counselors ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Administrative Management ◽  
Political Work ◽  
Mental Health Knowledge

Since the 1970s, the Chinese government has promulgated relevant policies and launched a series of corresponding measures, mainly to strengthen the professional building of efficient counselors. With the education reform, the role and mission of college counselors are also changing, from dealing with solely political work at the beginning to being a political guide, conceptual mentor, administrative management leader and imparter of mental health knowledge for young college students and so on. This paper mainly analyzes the characteristics of the professionalization and specialization development of the counselor team since the founding of the People's Republic of China, analyzes the current development difficulties, derives inspiration from the law of historical development, and eliminates the difficulties.

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