Possibilities and challenges for the shared management of solid waste in the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RN) considering Federal Law nº 12.305/2010

The National Solid Waste Policy emerged as a guideline for an environmental problem that was observed in Brazilian municipalities: the generation of solid waste combined with a prevalence of landfills. These problems largely became evident in metropolitan regions, which were characterized, among other aspects, by population concentration. Federal Law No. 12,305/2010 explicitly highlighted the issue of metropolitan management. The proposed study aimed to investigate the challenges for achieving the shared management of solid waste in the Metropolitan Region of Natal (RMN). To this end, documentary research and the systematization of secondary databases were undertaken, which enabled diagnostic research into the management of solid waste in the fifteen municipalities that make up the RMN. The study has revealed the difficulties in forming agreements between the municipal entities in the studied spatial profile, thereby influencing the outreach of an integrated management program in the RMN.

BAIKAL-MONGOLIAN TRANSPORT CORRIDOR: RELATIONSHIP OF PRODUCTION AND POPULATION

The purpose of this study is to identify the spatio-temporal relationship between the population and production of the urbanized territories of the Baikal-Mongolian transport corridor. Cross-cutting methods - statistical, cartograph-ic, comparative-geographical - are used at all stages of the study. The units of measurement taken are the following: in Russia - urban districts and municipal districts, in Mongolia - the capital city and aimags. The main results consist in identifying the main urbanized areas that have formed in places of maximum population concentration: around the capital city of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, and in southeastern Siberia around the regional centers of Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, and Chita. The demographic potential of the Baikal-Mongolian transport corridor is more than half of the population of the corresponding regions, while it reproduces and receives migrants from peripheral territories. Competitive advantages and opportunities of cities and regions are assessed as constituent parts of a single cross-border economic corridor. The increasing role of the main economic centers objectively leads to the growth of the corresponding agglomerations and damages the functioning of other urban settlements. Based on the analysis of the economic com-plex of the studied territory, the branches of industrial specialization are distinguished, the typologies of municipalities of the region are carried out according to the prevalence of the main activity in the industry. The determining factors of the social and economic development of cities are the effects of the economic and geographical location and the accumulated socio-economic potential of the territory in relation to adjacent spaces.

MONITORING AND CONTROL OF NON-IONIZING RADIATION, AS A FACTOR OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT AND OF THE SITES, SOURCES OF NON-IONIZING RADIATION ON THE TERRITORY OF DOBRICH DISTRICT IN 2020.

We know many natural sources that create electromagnetic energy such as solar radiation, storms and lightning, electromagnetic radiation from space objects. All this forms the natural electromagnetic background of the Earth. On the other hand, there is no technology, facility, product that uses electric current that does not emit any kind of electromagnetic radiation. Aim and tasks: Study of the sources of non-ionizing radiation on the territory of Dobrich district in 2020. Aim and tasks: Study of the sources of non-ionizing radiation on the territory of Dobrich district in 2020. Materials: Sites subject to monitoring according to the schedule for 2020. a total of 26 sites - base stations (BS) of the telecommunications network in Dobrich District. Technical means with which the measurements and method of control of RHI Varna were performed, antenna - isotropic, working frequency band 100 kHz to 3 GHz; uncertainty +/- 20% of the measured value. Methods: "Methodology for measurement and evaluation of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of transmitting antennas to mobile communication systems"; Collection of methods for hygienic research; NCHMEH (current NCPHA), Volume IV, Settlement Environment. Results: From the total of 196 measurements performed in 2020. of exposed parts in areas with high population concentration at different distances to the EMF emitters, show that the lowest measured instantaneous value of power density is <0.1 μW / cm², and the highest - 0.8 μW / cm². In the premises of children's, educational, medical establishments and outdoors the lowest measured instantaneous value is <0.1 μW / cm² and the highest 1.7 μW / cm². Conclusions: 1. For 2020 the lowest measured instantaneous value is <0.1 μW / cm², and the highest 1.7 μW / cm², which is many times less than the MPC 10 μW / cm².2. of mobile operators do not pose a health risk to the population living and residing near them.

The spatial distribution of population in Spain: An anomaly in European perspective

We exploit the GEOSTAT 2011 population grid to document that Spain presents the lowest density of settlements among European countries. Only a small fraction of the Spanish territory is inhabited, particularly in its southern half, which goes hand in hand with a high degree of population concentration. We uncover through standard regression analysis and spatial regression discontinuity that this anomaly cannot be accounted for by adverse geographic and climatic conditions. The second part of the paper takes a historical perspective on Spain's settlement patterns by showing that the spatial distribution of the population has been very persistent in the last two centuries, and that the abnormally low density of settlements with respect to European neighbors was already visible in the 19th century, which indicates that this phenomenon has not emerged recently as a consequence of the transformations associated with industrialization and tertiarization. Using data on ancient sites, we find that Spain did not feature scarcity of settlements in comparison to other countries in pre-medieval times, suggesting that its current anomalous settlement pattern has not always existed and is therefore not intrinsic to its geography.

Technogenic transformation of the underground hydrosphere of Kazan. Lower Kazanian aquifer complex

Relevance. By the beginning of the XXI century, the growth of cities, population concentration and the revival of industrial production led to an intense technogenic pressure on the underground hydrosphere. In ecological and hydrogeological studies, it becomes necessary to conduct monitoring observations of groundwater based on GIS technologies. Purpose of the work: study of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of underground waters of the aquiferous lower Kazanian carbonate-terrigenous complex to provide Kazan with high-quality drinking water from protected underground sources. Research methodology. Hydrochemical data from geological reports and archival materials for the period from 1960 years to 2019 years were used. Methods of mathematical statistics (basic, cluster and factor analyzes) made it possible to differentiate into natural and man-made components. Geographic information modeling using the “ArcGisMap” package showed the spatial variability of the main components in the waters of the Neogene complex at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Conclusion. The hydrochemical parameters of the aquiferous lower Kazanian complex are assessed as favorable, since practically all the main components do not exceed the MPC values for drinking water.

Constituent Entities Of The Russian Federation With Cities Of Over One Million Inhabitants: The State Of And Trends In Their Internal Disparities

Sustainable development in Russia requires work to be done in a number of areas. One of the mechanisms for solving internal problems is to decrease the gaps in the level of socioeconomic development between the country’s regions. This article provides an overview of the current state of the internal disparities in the socioeconomic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that include cities with a population of over one million.The constituent entities of the Russian Federation were analyzed in terms of the concentration of their population in the administrative centres. The population concentration ratio for cities of over one million inhabitants and the population polycentricity ratio for the corresponding entities were calculated. The ranking of entities was carried out based on these indicators. An analysis of the “contributions” of cities and peripheral areas to the formation of the gross regional product of the studied entities of the Russian Federation was carried out. The economic concentration ratios of cities with over one million inhabitants were calculated. The relationship of this indicator with the population ratio was established. Based on this, the following categories were identified: entities that are not in danger of a population or economy hyper-concentration in the administrative centre; entities with moderate population concentration in the city of more than one million inhabitants combined with an upward trend in their economic concentration; and entities with a high concentration of the population and economy in the administrative centre and signs of decrease in the population and economic concentration.

Spatial analysis of the urbanization development in the regions of Asiatic Russia

Российская урбанизация по своему содержанию и региональному развитию является крайне актуальным предметом научного анализа. В настоящее время большой интерес вызывают перспективы формирования и развития крупных городских агломераций в Азиатской России, в связи с чем возникают проблемы, обусловленные системой расселения, которая в своем пространственном аспекте является весьма неоднородной. В административно-территориальном делении Азиатская Россия включает в себя субъекты трех федеральных округов – Уральского, Сибирского и Дальневосточного. Регионы между собой отличаются по степени освоенности, по уровню социально-экономического развития и урбанизации. Основной зоной концентрации населения являются крупные города, ведущие транспортные узлы Транссибирской железнодорожной магистрали. При этом большая часть территорий азиатской части страны характеризуется слабой заселенностью. Это, как правило, периферийные районы, крайне отдаленные от основной транспортной оси, полностью или частично утратившие свою специализацию, которые на сегодняшний день не имеют устойчивых социально-экономических перспектив развития и интенсивно теряют свое население. Низкий уровень урбанизированности восточных регионов ставит под угрозу национальную безопасность страны. В связи с чем особого внимания заслуживает анализ процессов урбанизации азиатской части России с целью выявления современных особенностей трансформации пространственного развития. Для понимания макрорегиональной ситуации авторы основывались на обобщении результатов оценки уровня урбанизации, социально-экономического анализа крупных региональных центров азиатской части России и индекса человеческого развития. В рамках исследования выявлены основные факторы трансформации современного пространственного развития в регионе. Russian urbanization, in its content and regional development, is an extremely relevant subject of scientific analysis. Currently, the prospects of formation and development of large urban agglomerations in Asian Russia are of great interest, for which cause the problems arise due to the settlement system, which in its spatial aspect is very heterogeneous. The administrative-territorial division of Asiatic Russia includes subjects of three federal districts: Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern. The regions differ between themselves in the degree of development and the level of socio-economic development and urbanization. The main areas of population concentration are large cities, the leading transport hubs of the Trans-Siberian Railway. At the same time, most of the territories in the Asian part of the country are sparsely populated. As a rule, these are peripheral areas, extremely distant from the main transport axis, fully or partially lost their specialization and which today do not have sustainable socio-economic prospects for development and are intensively losing their population. The low level of urbanization of the eastern regions threatens the national security of the country. In this regard, the analysis of urbanization processes in the Asian part of Russia deserves special significance in order to identify modern features of transformation of spatial development. To understand the macro-regional situation, the authors were founded on the generalization of the estimation results of the level of urbanization, and socio-economic analysis of major regional centers of the Asian part of Russia and the human development index. The study identified the main factors in the transformation of modern spatial development in the region.

Modern features and tendencies of population settlement in the Far Eastern regions of the Russian Far North

The article regards the tendencies in the population distribution in the Far Eastern part of the Russian Far North, taking into account both country-wide trends and specific features of northern territories. The analysis covers the period from 1989 to 2020, that is, from the the last Soviet census to the present moment. The authors analyze the dynamics of the population size and its distribution, identify weaknesses in the statistical assessment of the actual population of the northern territories, define trends in the population distribution, namely, reveal the permanent population concentration along the southern borders of the Far Northern part of the Far East and the development of shift workers’ settlements across the remaining territory. In conclusion, the article puts the population distribution dynamics in the Far Eastern part of the Far North into the context of the identified trends.

Extended input–output model for urbanization: an empirical test using Chinese data

Although the input–output model has been widely used for both pure economic analysis and environmental issues, demographic analysis has been relegated to the periphery of the input–output literature. Previous researchers have made significant contributions in developing the economic–demographic modeling from the unemployment perspective, in the context of shrinking regional economies. This study aims to develop an extended input–output model for urbanization, based on the Batey–Madden model by incorporating the “urbanization process”. This process is associated with one of the facets of demographic change and has received little attention in the literature. The effectiveness of the model is theoretically explored and empirically tested using Chinese data, which show rapid progress of urbanization in China. The study proposes a new “urbanization multiplier”, which implies intense population concentration in cities based on an employment multiplier in urban areas and labor allocation possibilities between urban and rural areas. The result from a preliminary application shows that the economic structure can determine the urbanization multiplier, indicating that the extent of employment opportunities promotes urbanization and the size of the population attracts more workers from rural areas. The model provides a fresh aspect of urbanization in the existing literature.

Bus Service Level and Horizontal Equity Analysis in the Context of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

The modifiable areal unit problem is of great importance in geographic science. The use of a specific zoning impacts the social and economic imbalances that can be generated in the deployment of services, facilities, and infrastructure. In this article, GIS is used together with simulation and optimization tools to analyse the effects of bus frequency changes in the levels of service and horizontal equity derived from different types of territorial zoning. The city of Palma (Balearic Islands, Spain) was chosen as a case study for the method, for which different geographical areas are used: neighbourhoods, census sections, cadastral blocks, and a 400 x 400 m mesh. The results show significant variations of the optimal frequencies obtained, depending on the type of zoning used. In general, smaller zonings show much higher sensitivity for the detection of imbalances between the population and bus service level. Likewise, orthogonal zonings also prove useful for identifying service and population concentration over other zonings. The use of large spatial units could lead to the misdiagnosis of needs and the implementation of actions that do not actually improve the level of service or the equity of the transport service. It is recommended to consider combining zonings of different sizes simultaneously, in order to accurately highlight imbalances and to argue for transport service improvements.