Pig empire under infectious threat: risk of African swine fever introduction into the People's Republic of China

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (5) ◽  
pp. 117-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothée Vergne ◽  
Cao Chen-Fu ◽  
Shuo Li ◽  
Julien Cappelle ◽  
John Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Socioeconomic Consequences ◽  
Very High ◽  
Pork Consumption

Pig production and pork consumption are very important to the People's Republic of China for both economic and cultural reasons. The incursion and spread of a disease such as African swine fever (ASF), which emerged in Eastern Europe in 2007, could have devastating socioeconomic consequences for both the Chinese and the global pig industry. The Chinese government consequently attributes a very high priority to ASF and is actively seeking to improve its preparedness. This paper discusses different drivers and pathways of potential emergence of ASF in China in light of the country's specificities, including international movements of people, pigs and pig products, swill feeding practices and wild boar populations. It suggests that effective ASF risk management in China will require a comprehensive and integrated approach linking science and policy and will need to involve all relevant stakeholders to develop realistic policies.

scholarly journals Legal policy of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in the area of digitalization of national currency

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-26
Author(s):  
Anna Sergeevna Konopiy ◽  
Boris Andreevich Borisov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
National Currency ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
The Russian Federation

The subject of this research is digital national currencies of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. The advent of the new digital era entails inevitable, objectively dictated digital transformations of all spheres of social life. The financial and banking sector in Russia, China, and other countries, is in need for legislative-digital regulation by implementing digital fiat currency. One of the most promising vectors of development is the creation and introduction of new forms of currencies into circulation, which would be recognized by public authority as a legal means of payment, as well as subject to effective oversight by government bodies. The novelty of this research lies in the comparative legal analysis of the experience, as well as the stages of implementation of digital national currency in the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. The article raised a pressing issue on feasibility of introducing digital ruble into the Russian reality, and thus, discusses successful experience of the Chinese government that a millennium ago was first to invent paper currency, and now is one of the world leaders to introduce digital currency alongside cash money. The concept of “digital currency” is often identified with cryptocurrencies and payment systems, which prompted the authors to conduct a comparative analysis of these terms. The analysis of Russian and Chinese legislation in the area of digital currency, as well as the established practice of implementing a new monetary form into the country’s economy, allowed outlining the pros and cons of such innovation.

scholarly journals Social Credit System in the People's Republic of China: normative legal framework and principles of functionality

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-53
Author(s):  
Roman Z. Rouvinsky ◽  
Tatiana Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Social Credit ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Social

This article examines the normative legal framework and principles of functionality of the Social Credit System that is currently being implemented in the People's Republic of China. For the first time in legal science, the Social Credit System is viewed not as an organizational and regulatory technique that in one or another way is related to law, but rather as an independent legal institution relevant to the branch of administrative law. The application of formal-legal and comparative-legal methods allows describing the hierarchy of sources of the Chinese law pertaining to social credit mechanisms and procedures, as well as giving characteristics to major provisions of the corresponding normative acts. The peculiarities of legal regulation of the mechanisms and procedures that comprise the Social Credit System in PRC include the following aspects: sublegislative nature of such regulation, prevalence of joint lawmaking, focal role of normative legal acts of the Chinese government, declarative character and ambiguity of multiple legal provisions with regards to the Social Credit System. The author underline the specificity of interpretation of the normative legal acts of the People's Republic of China, usage by the lawmaking branches of moral categories in formulation of provisions for regulation of elaboration and implementation of the social credit mechanisms. The provisions of governmental and departmental normative legal acts pertaining to the Social Credit System are correlated with the provisions of the current Constitution of the People's Republic of China.

China and the Bomb—Chinese Nuclear Strategy

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 74-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton H. Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Nuclear Strategy ◽  
Nuclear Device ◽  
Very High

The detonation of a nuclear device by the People's Republic of China on October 16, 1964, made it unmistakably clear that China attached a very high priority to becoming a militarily effective nuclear power as soon as possible. Although the effect on Chinese economic development has probably been relatively limited thus far, the Chinese are devoting substantial resources to their nuclear programme and may be expected to have militarily effective systems within this decade. The Chinese appear to be considerably further along in the development of nuclear weapons and delivery systems than had been previously anticipated.

scholarly journals Evaluating Losses Associated with African Swine Fever in the People’s Republic of China and Neighboring Countries

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China

本报告旨在帮助政策制定者评估非洲猪瘟对中华人民共和国（中国）和东南亚国家的影响程度。

scholarly journals INTEGRATED APPROACH TO AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
Olena Ionova ◽  
Svetlana Luparenko ◽  
Yuliia Lakhmotova
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Aesthetic Education ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Music ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Regional Music ◽  
Characteristic Features

The article is dedicated to revelation of the peculiarities of integrated approach in the process of schoolchildren's aesthetic education in the People's Republic of China. The possibilities of using art while teaching different subjects (Mathematics, different languages, Literature, History etc.) have been outlined. The Chinese pedagogues underline the close connection of Mathematics and Music. It provides opportunities to learn fractional nature of the notes, feel the rhythm of the music, relate harmony, intervals, melody and notes to whole numbers, proportions, arithmetic operations, logarithms, Geometry and Trigonometry. The authors have pointed out that aesthetic subjects (music, art, theatre) are also closely connected in educational process of schools. The characteristic feature of schoolchildren's aesthetic education in the People's Republic of China is taking into account the regionality (differences in development of art depending on the region of the country). It is due to different historical, socio-economic and cultural factors of development of different regions in China. The regionality strengthens the connection of arts with History, Economics and Geography and helps schoolchildren to understand the significance and differences of regional music in China, to learn various Chinese musical instruments, folk lullabies and to investigate the important characteristic features of the Chinese music. So, schoolchildren's aesthetic education in China has a strong national basis: art is connected with national expression, development of musical traditions, nature and mental aesthetic ideas.

The Case for Recognizing Peking Now—or in 1992

Worldview ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Gerald F. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The United States ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
General Question ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

If Secretary of State Vance's “exploratory” trip to China proved nothing else, it demonstrated once again that because our relations with Taiwan are the main obstacles to recognizing the People's Republic of China, it is Taiwan, not mainland China, that poses the main problem for American foreign policy in Asia. To a man the Chinese reiterated their conditions for establishing relations: abrogate the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1954; break diplomatic relations with Taiwan; and withdraw the American military personnel from the island. With respect to the general question of Taiwan, they all referred back to the PRC section of the Shanghai Communique (published jointly with our own):The Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all U.S. forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of “one China, two governments,” “two Chinas” and “independent Taiwan” or advocate that “the status of Taiwan remains to be determined” [The “Shanghai Communique,” February 27, 1972].

scholarly journals One Year of African Swine Fever Outbreak in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dapeng Tao ◽  
Daipeng Sun ◽  
Shu Wei ◽  
Tongqing An ◽  
Guoshun Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs

Abstract Background: African swine fever (ASF) is a major threat to domestic pigs and wild boars. Since 2018, ASF outbreak has been ongoing in China. As of August 3, 2019, a total of 151 ASF outbreaks reported in China have caused severe economic losses for many pig farmers and pork producers. The present study is to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of ASF outbreak that occurred in several regions across China during the period August 2018- August 2019. Particularly focusing on the epidemic distribution, main transmission routes, incidence/fatality, impact on pig production capacity, and the main preventive measures adopting to mitigate the risk of ASF spread in pig farming systems by Chinese government. Results: The data show that the importance of seasonality effect, spatial distribution and the anthropogenic factors on the transmission of ASF, and further suggest that effective ASF risk management in China will require a comprehensive and integrated approach linking science and policy and will need to involve all relevant stakeholders to develop realistic policies. Conclusions: This provides an improved scientific basis to optimize current interventions as well as develop new tools and strategies to reduce the risk of African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission to domestic pigs and wild boars.

scholarly journals Partycypacja społeczna jako filar demokracji środowiskowej w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-244
Author(s):  
Justyna Bazylińska-Nagler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The European Union ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China

The latest revision from 2014 of the Chinese Environmental Protection Law introduced a new mechanism of public participation in environmental law-making. It forces the Chinese legislative process to be more transparent and inclusive, that is to say — involve civil society and NGOs. Generally, this development deserves support and approval; there are, however, several shortcomings that should be addressed in the future. For instance, neither the level of cooperation between legislature and civil society nor the outcomes of public participation do always meet social expectations. The purpose of this work was to research the Chinese model of public participation in environmental decision-making, bearing in mind the authoritarian governance of the People’s Republic of China. Then, to analyze the real impact of the international cooperation and standards on the application of this model. Specifically, the EU–China Environmental Governance Programme (2010–2015) was discussed as a very influential example. The outcome of the research shows that Chinese environmental law has been notably shaped by public international and European law. There are considerable similarities between the legal instruments of environmental democracy applied in China and public international law standards promoted by the United Nations and the European Union through the implementation of the Aarhus Convention of 1998. And, without doubt, it has to be recognised that the People’s Republic of China has its own rich and diversified, however contradictory during the course of history, doctrines and a jurisprudence body of work considering civil society’s participatory role in decision-making. Each of the successive Chinese forms of government — beginning with despotism, then a glimpse of democracy, totalitarianism, and, finally, authoritarianism — did leave their mark on the Chinese political thought and law regarding the desired participation level of society (i.e. various civil movements and NGOs) in state affairs. In this day and age, social interest and support for the environmental protection is well-accepted by the Chinese government, especially due to the current plan of the Communist Party of China (CPC) to build an “ecological civilization” in China.

The Chinese Intrigue in Kalimpong

2021 ◽  
pp. 410-459
Author(s):  
Tansen Sen
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
A Site ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
India And China ◽  
Volume Of Trade

This chapter focuses on Kalimpong, a small Himalayan town located in northern West Bengal, India. In the mid-1940s, the British intelligence officials in India identified trade through Kalimpong into Tibet as an activity that required surveillance and inspection. These officials produced detailed records on the types of commodity traded, volume of trade, diverse groups traders, and smuggling of goods. Such surveillance and intelligence gathering continued after the establishment of independent India in 1947. The intelligence officials paid special attention to individuals in Kalimpong suspected as spies for the Chinese government, both the Kuomintang and the People’s Republic of China. Using these intelligence records, the chapter analyses the portrayal of Kalimpong as a site of covert and clandestine activity. It spotlights several individuals who were identified as ‘Chinese agents’, the complicated and problematic nature of intelligence gathering and recording, the arbitrariness of the categories ‘Chinese’, ‘Tibetan’, and ‘Indian’ in a place such as Kalimpong, and the ways in which the changing geopolitical relationship between India and China in the late 1950s impacted Kalimpong and its Chinese residents.

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