Contesting the Repressive State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira D. Jumet
Keyword(s):  
Political Movements ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Political Opportunities ◽  
Political Opportunity Structures ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
Repressive Regime ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

This book advances research on the collective action dilemma in protest movements by examining protest mobilization leading up to, and during, the 2011 Egyptian Revolution and 2013 June 30th Coup in Cairo, Egypt. The book is organized chronologically and touches on why and how people make the decision to protest or not protest during different periods of the revolutionary process. The overarching question is: Why and how do individuals who are not members of political groups or organizers of political movements choose to engage or not engage in anti-government protest under a repressive regime? In answering the question, the book argues that individual decisions to protest or not protest are based on the intersection of the following three factors: political opportunity structures, mobilizing structures, and framing processes. It further demonstrates that the way these decisions to protest or not protest take place is through emotional mechanisms that are activated by specific combinations of these factors. The goal of the book is to investigate the relationship between key structural factors and the emotional responses they produce. By examining 170 interviews with individuals who either protested or did not protest, it explores how social media, violent government repression, changes in political opportunities, and the military influenced individual decisions to protest or not protest.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira D. Jumet
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Political Opportunities ◽  
Choice Decision ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter introduces the argument, situates the study in the theoretical literature, and outlines the path of the book. The chapter introduces key definitions and concepts, such as revolution, social movements, and rebellions. The chapter also demonstrates that individual decisions to protest are affected by structural factors and that emotions affect how people make decisions. By explaining the relationship between structural factors and rational choice decision-making, this chapter sets the stage for how political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and framing processes intersected with emotions to influence individuals’ decisions to either engage or not engage in collective action during the Egyptian Revolution.

Protest Dynamics under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces Transitional Government

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira D. Jumet
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Political Opportunity ◽  
Transitional Regime ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Political Opportunities ◽  
Supreme Council ◽  
Political Opportunity Structures ◽  
The Military

This chapter explains how changes in political opportunity structures following the 2011 revolutionary protests affected subsequent anti-regime mobilization and the dynamics between the military transitional regime and those who contested it. Through an examination of protest cycles in Egypt 2011–2012, the chapter explores how government violence, repression, and concessions affected individuals’ emotions and their decisions to protest or not protest. The chapter demonstrates that changes in political opportunities created during the 18-day uprising altered repertoires of contention and reconfigured the power relationship between the regime and its opponents. The chapter also claims that particular elements of protest dynamics under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) led to a relatively quick transition to civilian rule.

scholarly journals Social Movements and Institutional Selectivity

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Wisler ◽  
Marco G. Giugni
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
General Setting ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Political Opportunities ◽  
Institutional Selectivity ◽  
Movement Type ◽  
Political Opportunity Structures ◽  
The Relationship

Contrary to what is usually implied by work on the relationship between political opportunity structures and social movements, political institutions are not a general setting offering or denying formal access and political opportunities to every challenge, but rather favor certain types of movements and constrain others. This process of institutional selectivity depends on the relationship between the structure of a given political institution and the movement type and defines social movements as pro-institutional, counter-institutional, or neutral. Accordingly, variation in the movements' action repertoire and degree of success can be observed. Yet, political institutions leave the door open to different interpretations by social actors so that a framing struggle takes place; at stake is the fit between movement demands and the structure of political institutions. The argument is developed through the example of federalism and its impact on two types of movements—namely, regionalist and squatters' movements—and illustrated by discussing their fate in France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Empirical data suggest that institutional selectivity is to be taken into account to reach a better understanding of the relationship between social movements and their political context.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira D. Jumet
Keyword(s):  
Political Mobilization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Opportunity ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Opportunity Structures ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Political Opportunity Structures ◽  
Individual Decisions ◽  
Political Opportunity Theory ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter summarizes the arguments, discusses them within the context of the literature on protest mobilization, and explains the theoretical implications of the book. It reviews the intersection between the Synthetic Political Opportunity Theory and the Collective Action Research Program, the importance of political opportunity structures, mobilizing structures, and framing processes and how they relate to rational decision-making, and the relationship between structure and emotions in individual decisions to protest or not protest. The chapter examines the political climate in 2016‒2017 under President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, including increased repression and monitoring of social media, and the potential for future political mobilization and protest in Egypt.

scholarly journals Staging Tahrir: Laila Soliman’s Revolutionary Theatre

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brinda Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Installation Art ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Egyptian Revolution ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Protest Songs ◽  
Will To Live ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Arab Spring

If one day, a people desire to live, Then fate will answer their call And their night will then begin to fade, And their chains break and fall.“Will to Live” Abī al-Qāsim al-ShābīOne of the most inspiring aspects of the Egyptian revolution was the outpouring of creative expression that accompanied the uprising’s social and political movements in the form of protest songs, poetry, slogans, chants, graffiti and installation art, street theatre, cartoons, among other forms of artistic inventiveness. Creative dissidence has always been an integral part of protest movements, as argued by Iraqi poet Sinan Antoon (2011): Poetry, novels and popular culture have chronicled and encapsulated the struggle of peoples against colonial rule and later, against postcolonial monarchies and dictatorships, so the poems, vignettes, and quotes from novels were all there in the collective unconscious.... The revolution introduced new songs, chants and tropes, but it refocused attention on an already existing, rich and living archive.... Contrary to all the brouhaha about Twitter and Facebook, what energized people in Tunisia and Egypt and elsewhere, aside from sociopolitical grievances and an accumulation of pain and anger, was a famous line of poetry by a Tunisian poet, al-Shabbi.Antoon evokes Abū al-Qāsim al-Shābī, whose poem “The Will to Live,” referenced in the epigraph, symbolized the battle cry of Tunisians in the anti-colonial struggles of the early 1900s. Refrains from the poem echoed in both Tunisia and Egypt during the Arab spring uprisings over one century later, thereby highlighting the intimate synergies between the creative imaginary and revolutionary action.

Obligation in Exile

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilan Zvi Baron
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Jewish Heritage ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

Questions arose about what it meant to support a country whose political future the author has no say in as a Diaspora Jew. The questions became all the more pronounced the more I learned about Israel’s history. Many Jews feel the same way, and often are uncomfortable with what such an obligation can mean, in no small part because of concerns over being identified with Israel because of one’s Jewish heritage or because of the overwhelming significance that Israel has come to have for Jewish identity. Israel’s significance is matched by how much is published about Israel. Increasingly, this literature is not only about trying to explain Israel’s wars, the military occupation or other parts of its history, but about the relationship between Diaspora1 Jewry and Israel.

Religion and the Military

2018 ◽  
pp. 535-552
Author(s):  
Leana A. Bouffard ◽  
Haerim Jin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Offending Patterns ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter provides an overview of the literature examining the role of religion and military service in the desistance process. It also identifies outstanding issues and directions for future research. It first presents an overview of research examining the role of religion in desistance and highlights measurement issues, potential intervening mechanisms, and a consideration of faith-based programs as criminal justice policy. Next, this chapter covers the relationship between military service and offending patterns, including period effects that explain variation in the relationship, selection effects, and the incorporation of military factors in criminal justice policy and programming. The chapter concludes by highlighting general conclusions from these two bodies of research and questions to be considered in future research.

scholarly journals Network Analysis of the Interaction between Different Religious and Philosophical Movements in Early Judaism

Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Igor R. Tantlevskij ◽  
Ekaterina V. Gromova ◽  
Dmitry Gromov
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
Social Balance ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents an attempt to systematically describe and interpret the evolution of different religious and political movements in Judaea during the period of the Second Temple using the methods of the theory of social networks. We extensively analyzed the relationship between the main Jewish sects: Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes (Qumranites), and later also Zealots. It is shown that the evolution of the relations between these sects agreed with the theory of social balance and their relations evolved toward more socially balanced structures.

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