Conclusion and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-294
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Keith T. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social Work Students ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cultural Comparisons

We conclude the book in this chapter, and discuss a summary of chapters, limitations and future directions. Defining culture is a complex task, and we provided practical guides for social work students and researchers to make cross-cultural comparisons in their research. We began this book with a discussion on culture and its relation to social work. We then outlined the process of data management and the use of descriptive statistic techniques to describe differences among cultural groups. We demonstrated and illustrated the application of cross cultural comparisons using linear regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling (SEM), hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), and geomap visualizations. We concluded with a discussion on limitations and our hope for future directions in cross-cultural research in the social work discipline.

Applied Multiple Regression Analysis in Cross-Cultural Comparisons

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-130
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Keith T. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Cultural Comparisons

This chapter focuses on the application of multiple regression analysis in cross-cultural comparisons using the Stata statistical package. We explain the assumptions and uses of multiple regression and relevant techniques for examining the applicability of the data for analysis. We briefly discuss reliability analysis across culture groups and provide a step-by-step approach for analyzing and interpreting real world examples of cross-cultural research suing multiple regression techniques. We explain and provide examples of mediation and moderation effect, and conclude with techniques to test the equivalence of effects across different cultural groups.

Applied Hierarchical Linear Modeling for Cross-Cultural Comparison

2021 ◽  
pp. 268-290
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Keith T. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Social Work Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Cultural Data Analysis ◽  
Neighborhood Level

We explain and demonstrate the application of Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) in cross-cultural research. This method of analysis has not been sufficiently explored in social work research, and it can be a highly useful and appropriate statistical approach for making cross-cultural comparisons. We explain the rationale for HLM or multilevel modeling for cross-cultural data analysis, and we provide an example in which we use Stata to test for neighborhood effects across race groups using survey data. We provide Stata commands and examples of testing for invariance of effects across groups while controlling for heteroscedasticity due to neighborhood level effects. Finally, we included geomaps based on the data to provide visualization of neighborhood effects.

Emotional Experiences in Moral Contexts

2020 ◽  
pp. 243-263
Author(s):  
Tina Malti ◽  
Joanna Peplak ◽  
Erinn Acland
Keyword(s):  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Responsible Behaviors

Moral deeds often require sacrificing time, effort, and resources, yet we are still motivated to engage in such behaviors. What drives us to enact these positive, prosocial behaviors and to leave our selfish desires behind? Developmental scientists consider emotions in contexts of morality (i.e., moral emotions) important drivers behind other-oriented, fair, and responsible behaviors. In this chapter, the authors outline the core moral emotions, how they develop, and how they link to prosocial and antisocial behaviors across development. They begin by discussing their integrative theoretical framework for conceptualizing moral emotions. Afterwards, they introduce a taxonomy that distinguishes four key moral emotions based on two dimensions: valence (positive and negative) and orientation (self and other). Next, current cross-cultural research on the development of these emotions is discussed, followed by a review of research on how the four emotions are associated with prosocial and antisocial behaviors from infancy to adolescence. The authors then outline the fundamental components that are involved in emotional experiences and conclude by highlighting promising future directions for developmental research.

scholarly journals Revealed Traits: A Novel Method for Estimating Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Personality

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory K. Costello ◽  
Dustin Wood ◽  
William Tov
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Revealed Preferences ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Novel Method

Cross-cultural research on personality has often led to surprising and countertheoretical findings, which have led to concerns over the validity of country-level estimates of personality (e.g., Heine, Buchtel, & Norenzayan, 2008). The present study explores how cross-cultural differences can be indexed via revealed trait estimates, which index the personality traits of individuals or groups indirectly through their likelihood of responding in particular ways to particular situations. In two studies, we measure self-reports of personality, revealed traits, and revealed preferences for different expected effects (e.g., experiencing excitement) of two cultural groups (U.S. and Singaporean participants). We found typical East–West differences in personality using self-report scales, such as lower levels of Conscientiousness- and Extraversion-related characteristics among Singaporean participants relative to U.S. participants. We found evidence of scale use extremity differences in self-report personality scales but not in revealed trait estimates. Using revealed traits, we found evidence of strikingly high levels of similarity in terms of overall action endorsement, revealed trait estimates, and revealed preferences. However, this was qualified by consistent differences in revealed trait estimates of Extraversion-related characteristics and less consistent differences in revealed trait estimates of Conscientiousness-related characteristics. We also found consistent differences in preferences for different expected effects; for example, Singaporean participants reported lower likelihood of performing actions expected to result in experiencing stimulation or excitement than U.S. participants. Results suggest that similarities in action endorsements and revealed traits may be driven by common preferences for social inclusion and benevolence, and differences may be driven by differing preferences for expending effort, experiencing stimulation, and social attention.

Social axioms and values: a cross‐cultural examination

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwok Leung ◽  
Al Au ◽  
Xu Huang ◽  
Jenny Kurman ◽  
Toomas Niit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modelling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social World ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Social Axioms ◽  
Equation Modelling ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modelling Approach

The relationships between social axioms, general beliefs that people hold about the social world, and values, defined as desirable goals for life, were examined in five cultural groups. Results show that the correlations between social axioms and Schwartz's (1992) values are generally low, suggesting that they represent two distinct types of construct. Based on a structural equation modelling approach, results further show that generally speaking, the five axiom dimensions are related to the value types in a meaningful and interpretable manner, and that these relationships are generally similar across the five cultural groups. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Developing New Instruments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Tam Nguyen ◽  
Keith Chan
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Measurement Development ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Shared Meanings ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research ◽  
Cultural Experts ◽  
New Instruments

Developing new cross-cultural research instruments is an enormous task, and it requires careful consideration from the researchers to ensure that the instruments measure what they are designed to measure and that they can also capture cultural differences and similarities among the comparative groups. It is always challenging to develop an “etic” instrument that captures the shared meanings among the comparative cultural groups and an “emic” instrument that can measure the unique aspects of each cultural group. Constructing cross-cultural research instruments must be a collaborative endeavor of the research team and the stakeholders. Inputs from cultural experts, prospective research respondents or clients, and service providers should be an integral part of every step or phase in cross-cultural measurement development and construction. This chapter focuses on the foundation of measurement and the process of cross-cultural instrument development.

Developing Cross-Cultural Measurement in Social Work Research and Evaluation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Tran ◽  
Tam Nguyen ◽  
Keith Chan
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Social Work Research ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

Given the demographic changes and the reality of cultural diversity in the United States and other parts of the world today, social work researchers are increasingly aware of the need to conduct cross-cultural research and evaluation, whether for hypothesis testing or for outcome evaluation. This book’s aims are twofold: to provide an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and to provide readers with a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. There is no discussion of statistical theory and principles underlying the statistical techniques presented in this book. Rather, this book is concerned with applied theories and principles of cross-cultural research, and draws information from existing work in the social sciences, public domain secondary data, and primary data from the author’s research. In this second edition, several changes have been made throughout the book and a new chapter on item response theory has been added. The chapter on developing new cross-cultural instrument has also been expanded with a concrete example.

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