Undermining

2019 ◽  
pp. 138-162
Author(s):  
Carl Hoefer

The problem of undermining is an apparent contradiction that arises when Humean chances and the Principal Principle come together. This chapter gives a full discussion of, and resolution of, the undermining/contradiction problem for Humean chance. First, the problem is laid out and earlier attempts to resolve it are shown to be insufficient. It is then argued that the correct way to overcome the undermining problem is via a revised form of the Lewis-Hall response, which involves making a small amendment to the Principal Principle (PP) itself. The amendment is seen to be simpler and better justified than the one Lewis and Hall suggested. The modified version of the PP can be seen to be essentially identical, in all practical scenarios, to the original PP.

2019 ◽  
Vol 629 ◽  
pp. A37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Rosito ◽  
P. B. Tissera ◽  
S. E. Pedrosa ◽  
Y. Rosas-Guevara

Context. Despite the insights gained in the last few years, our knowledge about the formation and evolution scenario for the spheroid-dominated galaxies is still incomplete. New and more powerful cosmological simulations have been developed that together with more precise observations open the possibility of more detailed study of the formation of early-type galaxies (ETGs). Aims. The aim of this work is to analyse the assembly histories of ETGs in a Λ cold dark matter cosmology, focussing on the archeological approach given by the mass-growth histories. Methods. We inspected a sample of dispersion-dominated galaxies selected from the largest volume simulation of the EAGLE project. This simulation includes a variety of physical processes such as radiative cooling, star formation (SF), metal enrichment, and stellar and active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The selected sample comprised 508 spheroid-dominated galaxies classified according to their dynamical properties. Their surface brightness profile, the fundamental relations, kinematic properties, and stellar-mass growth histories are estimated and analysed. The findings are confronted with recent observations. Results. The simulated ETGs are found to globally reproduce the fundamental relations of ellipticals. All of them have an inner disc component where residual younger stellar populations (SPs) are detected. A correlation between the inner-disc fraction and the bulge-to-total ratio is reported. We find a relation between kinematics and shape that implies that dispersion-dominated galaxies with low V/σL (where V is the average rotational velocity and σL the one dimensional velocity dispersion) tend to have ellipticity smaller than ∼0.5 and are dominated by old stars. On average, less massive galaxies host slightly younger stars. More massive spheroids show coeval SPs while for less massive galaxies (stellar masses lower than ∼1010 M⊙), there is a clear trend to have rejuvenated inner regions, showing an age gap between the inner and the outer regions up to ∼2 Gyr, in apparent contradiction with observational findings. We find evidences suggesting that both the existence of the disc components with SF activity in the inner region and the accretion of satellite galaxies in outer regions could contribute to the outside-in formation history in galaxies with low stellar mass. On the other hand, there are non-negligible uncertainties in the determination of the ages of old stars in observed galaxies. Stronger supernova (SN) feedback and/or the action of AGN feedback for galaxies with stellar masses lower than 1010 M⊙ could contribute to prevent the SF in the inner regions.


1990 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
S De Jaegere ◽  
F Wuytack ◽  
J A Eggermont ◽  
H Verboomen ◽  
R Casteels

cDNAs coding for the plasma-membrane Ca2+ pump have been isolated from a pig smooth-muscle cDNA library and sequenced. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 1220 amino acids, which corresponds to the one already described in a human teratoma cell line. We demonstrate here that this cDNA probably represents the only isoform of the plasma-membrane Ca2(+)-transport ATPase expressed in this smooth muscle. There is no evidence for the expression of any other plasma-membrane Ca2(+)-pump gene, or for the presence of other alternatively spliced isoforms. These results are in apparent contradiction to those obtained on protein levels which demonstrate the reaction of at least two different polypeptides with a panel of antibodies against the plasma-membrane ATPase. It is suggested that these two polypeptides could result from a post-translational modification of one single enzyme.


Semiotica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (219) ◽  
pp. 219-237
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Basso Fossali

AbstractGreimas’s intellectual trajectory can be seen as an intellectual journey full of challenges that left behind living remnants of a courage and an “energetism” of thinking which prohibits, even today, the construction of a dogmatism based solely on a single synchronic image of his semiotics. We can identify Greimas with his beloved topic, “the Fearless hero”: on the one hand, he extended the quest of a Sender, in keeping with the expectations of a deep narrative schema, while on the other hand, he structured his life around the permanence of a passion. Should we attribute this search to a “meta-will,” or to an endless implication in figurativity? “With passion, figurativity reigns,” Ricoeur told his friend Greimas, who worked on the origins of the modalities, with the predicament of raising the issue of an unanalysable ontic horizon. How can we explain the apparent contradiction between, on the one hand, the Greimassian challenge to deal with being, even speculatively, and, on the other, the search for an endless passion anchored in perception and its re-elaboration? Against the certainty of deep narrative logic is opposed the surface where forms of life coexist, where we find “the fidgeting, the uncertainty we are in.”


2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rauna Kuokkanen

Abstract.This paper examines the apparent contradiction between the current tendency of many Indigenous groups and their political institutions to embrace the capitalist economic model as the one and only solution in establishing contemporary Indigenous self-governance, on the one hand, and on the other, the detrimental force of the market economy on Indigenous societies, past and present. The starting point is the following question. If the global market economy historically played a significant role in the loss of political and economic autonomy of Indigenous societies and women, how meaningful or sustainable is it to seek to (re)build contemporary Indigenous governance on the very economic model that was largely responsible for undermining it in the first place? Shouldn't this history be taken into consideration when discussing and shaping models and policies for contemporary Indigenous governance and hence be more critical of the standard economic development frameworks hailed as the path toward self-governance?Résumé.Cet article examine l'apparente contradiction entre la tendance actuelle de nombreux groupes autochtones et de leurs institutions politiques à adopter le modèle économique capitaliste contemporain en tant que seule et unique solution pour constituer une autonomie gouvernementale autochtone d'une part, et de l'autre, les forces néfastes de l'économie de marché dans les sociétés autochtones, passées et présentes. Au départ, se pose la question suivante : si l'économie de marché mondiale a historiquement joué un rôle important dans la perte d'autonomie politique et économique des sociétés autochtones et des femmes, jusqu'à quel point est-il pertinent ou viable de chercher à bâtir ou à rebâtir l'autonomie gouvernementale contemporaine des peuples autochtones sur le même modèle économique qui a été largement responsable de la saper en premier lieu? Cette dimension historique ne devrait-elle pas être prise en considération lors de l'examen et de l'élaboration des modèles et des politiques de gouvernance autochtone contemporains et, par conséquent, inciter à une vision plus critique des cadres de développement économique convenus qui sont salués comme le chemin vers l'autogouvernance?


1946 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-748
Author(s):  
Henry Bunbury

Parliamentary democracy in Britain has once again to face and solve a problem which in itself is by no means new. It has to find the means of preserving, under the conditions of today and tomorrow, two principles, each of which is fundamental to democratic government, but which tend in times of major change to come into conflict. The one is that Parliament, as the supreme power in the state, shall retain its full and unchallenged control over public policy, both in legislation and in administration; the other, that the public business shall be efficiently conducted—that the right things shall be done at the right time. For in so far as the system fails on the former count, it ceases to be democratic; and to the extent that it fails on the latter count, its repute, and even its very existence, may be endangered.It is commonly admitted that the British parliamentary machine has at times—and in recent years with increasing frequency—been overworked. Changes in the law called for by new situations, by public demand, or by administrative expediency are liable to be postponed from session to session for lack of parliamentary time, until the right moment for decision has passed. Matters which deserved full discussion are liable to be decided in haste under some form of closure of debate. The choice of subjects for legislative projects in any particular session tends, at times, to be determined as much by sectional pressures of one kind or another, public or departmental, as by a considered weighing of the public interest or a general plan of policy.


1966 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. L. Ménage

No Ottoman institution has aroused more bitter criticism than the devshirme the ‘tribute of blood’, especially—and naturally—among those Christian peoples whose forebears were subjected to it; and at the same time none touches on so many fundamental problems. Dr. Basilike Papoulia, bringing together the Western and oriental sources and submitting them to a close and careful analysis, has now presented the first full discussion of its origin and its character. The scope of her study appears already in the definition with which she begins and ends it, that the devshirme devshirme was ‘the forcible removal, in the form of a tribute, of children of the Christian subjects from their ethnic, religious, and cultural environment and their transplantation into the Turkish-Islamic environment with the aim of employing them in the service of the Palace, the army, and the state, whereby they were on the one hand to serve the Sulṭān as slaves and freedmen and on the other to form the ruling class of the State’.


Author(s):  
Chelsea Harry

In her book, Method and politics in Plato’s Statesman (1998), Melissa Lane discusses the relationship between political authority and time. Namely, she asks what the source of political authority could be when, in the Statesman, the Stranger tells us that law cannot be applicable in all situations, for all people, in all times (294b2-6, 295a1-5). In this paper I agree with Lane that the apparent contradiction in the dialogue between, on the one hand, the temporal laws and, on the other hand, the contingency of everyday situations can be explained only in coming to understand the statesman as a master of kairos, or “right timing”. A mastery of kairos, I suggest, does not mean simply that one is able to recognize when it is the right time to do or say something, but rather it must mean that one is able to create the right time, which involves foreknowledge of universal truth and proficiency in the art of putting things together.


Author(s):  
Jinhua Chen

Through a case study of a little-known monk, Faya 法雅‎ (?-629), a favourite of Gaozu who played an active role in the defense of the newly-founded Tang against Turk encroachments, this essay attempts to analyze some new features and patterns of early Tang state–saṃgha relations. Additionally, this essay aims to shed new light on the apparent contradiction between Buddhism’s general prohibitions against violence on the one hand and the saṃgha’s frequent and profound involvement in warfare on the other, whether to protect its own property or to court and enhance secular patronage. Finally, Faya, along with the fortune and misfortune he encountered during the final decadent years of the Sui and the first decade of the fledging Tang dynasty, presents an excellent case of how medieval Chinese Buddhist monks (and occasionally nuns) were placed under the general rubric “yaoseng/yaoni” 妖僧‎/妖尼‎ (“evil monks/nuns”), or eseng/eni惡僧‎/惡尼‎ (“villainous monks/nuns”).


Author(s):  
Edgar Illas

L’elegia IX de les Elegies de Bierville de Carles Riba, escrita a la França ocupada el 1941, conté una contradicció aparent sobre el rol de la guerra en la construcció de la democràcia. D’una banda, Riba escriu que, a l’hora de fundar la democràcia, a Grècia no li calia guanyar la guerra amb Pèrsia, sinó només donar cabuda al desig de llibertat d’uns homes atenencs. D’altra banda, però, el poema acaba suggerint que la guerra també forma part de la democràcia, ja que aquells que no són lliures, “els batuts”, es retroben a si mateixos com a soldats que lluiten per aconseguir la llibertat.El meu treball fa una lectura històrica de l’elegia política de Riba i relaciona la contradicció que conté amb el sorgiment de l’independentisme a la Catalunya contemporània. La meva pregunta és si cal entendre l’independentisme com un desig de democràcia o com una guerra per obtenir poder estatal. Per formular la pregunta, contraposo el terme de Michael Hardt i Antonio Negri “poder constituent” sobre els moviments actuals de transformació política i el terme de Carlo Galli “guerra global” sobre les guerres de poder sobre l’espai en la globalització. La meva hipòtesi és que a la Catalunya global, com en el poema de Riba, democràcia i guerra continuen generant una contradicció insoluble i necessària. The elegy IX of Carles Riba’s Elegies de Bierville, written in occupied France in 1941, contains an apparent contradiction about the role of war in the construction of democracy. On the one hand, Riba writes that, in order to found of democracy, Greece did not have to win the war against Persia; all they needed was to recognize and accommodate the longing for freedom of a particular group of Athenians. On the other hand, however, the poem suggests in the end that war is also part of democracy, as those who are not free, the “vanquished,” can only regain their souls by acting as soldiers who fight for freedom. My paper undertakes a historical reading of Riba’s political elegy and relates its contradiction to the emergence of separatism in contemporary Catalonia. My question is whether we must understand separatism as a longing for democracy or as a war to obtain state power. To formulate this question, I juxtapose Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s notion of “constituent power,” which theorizes today’s movements of political transformation, to Carlo Galli’s term “global war,” which describes the power wars in the spaces of globalization. My hypothesis is that in global Catalonia, like in Riba’s poem, democracy and war continue to generate an inherent and unsurpassable contradiction.


2014 ◽  
Vol 746 ◽  
pp. 332-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence K. Forbes

AbstractA previous study by Forbes (ANZIAM J., vol. 53, 2011, pp. 87–121) has argued that, when a light fluid is injected from a point source into a heavier ambient fluid, the interface between them is most unstable to perturbations at the lowest spherical mode. This means that, regardless of initial conditions, the outflow from a point source eventually becomes a one-sided jet. However, two-sided (bi-polar) outflows are nevertheless often observed in astrophysics, in apparent contradiction to this prediction. While there are many possible explanations for this fact, the present paper considers the effect of a straining flow in the ambient fluid. In addition, solid-body rotation in the inner fluid is also accounted for, in a Boussinesq viscous model. It is shown analytically that there are circumstances under which straining flow alone is sufficient to convert the one-sided jet into a genuine bi-polar outflow, in linearized theory. This is confirmed in a numerical solution of a viscous model of the flow, based on a spectral solution technique that accounts for nonlinear effects. Rotation can also generate flows that are two-sided, and this is likewise revealed through an asymptotic analysis and numerical solutions of the nonlinear equations.


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