Values Across the Lifespan

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-25
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Jecker
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Focal Value ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Face

Chapter 1 introduces the chief claim and main argument of the book, which we call the life stage relativity of values. This is the claim that different values matter more at different stages of our lives. During early life, caring, trust, and nurturing ought to figure prominently, due to the vulnerabilities and needs that characterize infancy and childhood. By young adulthood, the capacity to develop greater physical and emotional independence makes autonomy a focal value. During later life, we face heightened risk for chronic disease and disability, which makes maintaining capabilities central, and, in the face of loss, keeping dignity intact. Chapter 1 raises the concern that moral theories reflect life stage bias, in particular, midlife bias. Midlife bias consists of applying the values central during midlife to all life stages. Countering it requires addressing empirical, conceptual, and psychological naïveté and situating values within the context of life stages.

‘And all my children?’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Scott
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Cultural Imagination ◽  
Modern Period

Beginning with an exploration of the role of the child in the cultural imagination, Chapter 1 establishes the formative and revealing ways in which societies identify themselves in relation to how they treat their children. Focusing on Shakespeare and the early modern period, Chapter 1 sets out to determine the emotional, symbolic, and political registers through which children are depicted and discussed. Attending to the different life stages and representations of the child on stage, this chapter sets out the terms of the book’s enquiry: what role do children play in Shakespeare’s plays; how do we recognize them as such—age, status, parental dynamic—and what are the effects of their presence? This chapter focuses on how the early moderns understood the child, as a symbolic figure, a life stage, a form of obligation, a profound bond, and an image of servitude.

scholarly journals Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits and breadth in early life

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (22) ◽  
pp. jeb233254
Author(s):  
Adriana P. Rebolledo ◽  
Carla M. Sgrò ◽  
Keyne Monro
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Thermal Performance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Parametric Bootstrapping ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Mixed Modelling

ABSTRACTUnderstanding thermal performance at life stages that limit persistence is necessary to predict responses to climate change, especially for ectotherms whose fitness (survival and reproduction) depends on environmental temperature. Ectotherms often undergo stage-specific changes in size, complexity and duration that are predicted to modify thermal performance. Yet performance is mostly explored for adults, while performance at earlier stages that typically limit persistence remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally isolate thermal performance curves at fertilization, embryo development and larval development stages in an aquatic ectotherm whose early planktonic stages (gametes, embryos and larvae) govern adult abundances and dynamics. Unlike previous studies based on short-term exposures, responses with unclear links to fitness or proxies in lieu of explicit curve descriptors (thermal optima, limits and breadth), we measured performance as successful completion of each stage after exposure throughout, and at temperatures that explicitly capture curve descriptors at all stages. Formal comparisons of descriptors using a combination of generalized linear mixed modelling and parametric bootstrapping reveal important differences among life stages. Thermal performance differs significantly from fertilization to embryo development (with thermal optimum declining by ∼2°C, thermal limits shifting inwards by ∼8–10°C and thermal breadth narrowing by ∼10°C), while performance declines independently of temperature thereafter. Our comparisons show that thermal performance at one life stage can misrepresent performance at others, and point to gains in complexity during embryogenesis, rather than subsequent gains in size or duration of exposure, as a key driver of thermal sensitivity in early life.

scholarly journals EARLY-LIFE MILITARY EXPOSURES AND HEALTH AMONG OLDER VETERANS: THE BUFFERING EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S320-S320
Author(s):  
Miles G Taylor ◽  
Stephanie Ureña ◽  
Dawn Carr ◽  
Stella N Min
Keyword(s):  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Face ◽  
Life Course Framework ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Drawing on the life course framework and theoretical concept of resilience, we examine the impact of early-life service-related exposures (SREs) on later-life functional impairment trajectories among older U.S. male veterans. We conceptualize resilience as a psychological resource potentially moderating the lasting negative consequences of traumatic military exposures. Method Using the 2013 Veterans Mail Survey linked to the Health and Retirement Study 2006–2014 Leave Behind Questionnaire and RAND Data File (v.N), we estimate latent growth curve models of functional impairment trajectories. Results SRE to death has a persistent positive effect on functional limitations and activities of daily living limitations. Psychological resilience significantly moderates this association, such that veterans maintaining higher levels of resilience in the face of adverse exposures have considerably less functional impairment over time compared to their counterparts with low levels of resilience. Discussion Our findings point to the importance of psychological resilience in later life, especially within the realm of traumas occurring in early life. We discuss implications for current military training programs, stressing the importance of research considering individual resources and processes that promote adaptation in the face of adverse life events.

Toxicity of TFM (Lampricide) to Six Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Olson ◽  
L. L. Marking
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Margin Of Safety ◽  
Coexisting Species

The lampricide TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) was tested against the following life stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): green eggs, eyed eggs, sac fry, swim-up fry, fry, and fingerlings in four water hardnesses (12, 44, 170, and 320 mg/liter as CaCO3). The eyed-egg stage was one of the most resistant stages tested, and the sac-fry stage was one of the least resistant. Increased water hardness decreases toxicity to all stages. The LC50’s range from 0.532 mg/liter to 40.0 mg/liter depending upon life stage, water hardness, and duration of exposure. The margin of safety for coexisting species exposed to TFM ranges from 3.2 to 4.1 in natural waters. The margin of safety for early life stages of rainbow trout and larval lamprey under controlled laboratory conditions ranges from 4.2 to 12.2. Therefore, all six early life stages of rainbow trout are safe in minimum lampricidal concentrations of TFM.

Lethality of Low pH and Al to Early Life Stages of Six Fish Species Inhabiting PreCambrian Shield Waters in Ontario

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1188-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Holtze ◽  
N. J. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Early Life Stages

Lethality of low pH and Al to egg and fry stages of common shiner (Notropis cornutus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and largemouth bass (M. salmoides) was determined in a series of laboratory tests in soft (Ca = 4.0 mg/L) water. Low pH was lethal to cleavage eggs in the first 4 d of exposure, to eyed eggs in the immediate prehatch period and to fry following their transition to branchial respiration. Early life stage response to Al was determined by their sensitivity to low pH. Al prolonged survival of cleavage eggs at pH = 4.2, was detrimental to eyed eggs and fry at pH 4.4–5.4 and was most lethal within 0.3 pH units of the pH which was lethal in the absence of Al. In situ distribution of four of the six species was adequately explained by lethality of low pH alone to cleavage eggs or fry. Sensitivity to low pH and Al produced estimates of pH > 5.9 (common shiner), pH > 5.4 (lake whitefish, white sucker, walleye), and pH > 5.1 (smallmouth and largemouth bass) for survival of early life stages in acidified waters.

Ending Midlife Bias

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Jecker
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Mandatory Retirement ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Pediatric Bioethics

We live at a time when human lifespans have increased like never before. As average lifespans stretch to new lengths, how does this impact the values we hold most dear? Do these values change over the course of our ever-increasing lifespans? Ending Midlife Bias argues that at different life stages, different values emerge as central. During early life, caring and trust matter more, given human vulnerability and dependency. By early adulthood, growing independence provides a reason to value autonomy more. Later in life, heightened risk for chronic disease and disability warrants focusing on maintaining capabilities and keeping dignity intact. Part I (Chapters 1–5) sets forth a conceptual framework that captures these shifting life stage values. Chapter 1 argues against the privileging of midlife values (midlife bias) and explains why population aging lends urgency to identifying values for later life. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce dignity as a central concern for older adults and argue that respecting dignity requires supporting central human capabilities. Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story, which serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention on the whole of life. Chapter 5 sets forth principles for age group justice. Part II (Chapters 6–12) turns to practical concerns, including geriatric and pediatric bioethics (Chapter 6); caregiving by family members, migrant workers, and robots (Chapters 7 and 8); ageism in clinical trials, healthcare allocation, and mandatory retirement (Chapter 9); and ethics at the end-of-life (Chapter 10). The closing chapters explore the future of population aging (Chapter 11) and make a pitch for life stage sensitive moral theory (Chapter 12).

The Meaning of Time-Related Concepts across the Life-Span: An Israeli Sample

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Lomranz ◽  
Ariella Friedman ◽  
George Gitter ◽  
Dov Shmotkin ◽  
Gedon Medini
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Late Adulthood ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
The Relationship

Three-hundred-thirty-eight Israeli participants rated five time-related concepts on Semantic Differential Scales. Participants constituted six, age-based, groups, representing different life stages: childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, late adulthood, and old age. The concepts rated were: time, past, present, and future. In addition, each group rated its own life stage. Results were analyzed in terms of the relationship between age and attributed meaning of these concepts, as denoted by the three Semantic Differential dimensions: evaluation, potency, and activity. The results indicate that people of different ages differ significantly in the way they construe most of the time-related concepts. Past ratings show a significant tendency to increase with progressive age, while future ratings decrease with progressive age. The ratings of present tend to remain stable across the life-span, and the ratings of life stages are significantly lower in older groups as compared to the younger ones. Results are discussed in light of developmental processes, the role that meaning of time-related concepts play in psychological adjustment, and methodological aspects.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect climate forcing in a multi-species marine system

2010 ◽  
Vol 277 (1699) ◽  
pp. 3411-3420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Christian Stige ◽  
Geir Ottersen ◽  
Padmini Dalpadado ◽  
Kung-Sik Chan ◽  
Dag Ø. Hjermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Climate Effects

Interactions within and between species complicate quantification of climate effects, by causing indirect, often delayed, effects of climate fluctuations and compensation of mortality. Here we identify direct and indirect climate effects by analysing unique Russian time-series data from the Norwegian Sea–Barents Sea ecosystem on the first life stages of cod, capelin, herring and haddock, their predators, competitors and zooplanktonic prey. By analysing growth and survival from one life stage to the next (eggs–larvae–juveniles–recruits), we find evidence for both bottom-up, direct and top-down effects of climate. Ambient zooplankton biomass predicts survival of all species, whereas ambient temperature mainly affects survival through effects on growth. In warm years, all species experienced improved growth and feeding conditions. Cohorts born following a warm year will, however, experience increased predation and competition because of increased densities of subadult cod and herring, leading to delayed climate effects. While climate thus affects early growth and survival through several mechanisms, only some of the identified mechanisms were found to be significant predictors of population growth. In particular, our findings exemplify that climate impacts are barely propagated to later life stages when density dependence is strong.

scholarly journals Early Life Epidemiology of Alzheimer's Disease - A Critical Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Seifan ◽  
Matthew Schelke ◽  
Yaa Obeng-Aduasare ◽  
Richard Isaacson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Childhood Socioeconomic Status

Background: As adult brain structure is primarily established in early life, genetic and environmental exposures in infancy and childhood influence the risk for Alzheimer disease (AD). In this systematic review, we identified several early life risk factors and discussed the evidence and underlying mechanism for each. Summary: Early risk factors for AD may alter brain anatomy, causing vulnerability to AD-related dementia later in life. In the perinatal period, both genes and learning disabilities have been associated with the development of distinct AD phenotypes. During early childhood, education and intellect, as well as body growth, may predispose to AD through alterations in cognitive and brain reserve, though the specific mediators of neural injury are disputed. Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) may predispose to AD by influencing adult SES and cognition. Association of these risk factors with underlying AD pathology (rather than just clinical diagnosis) has not been sufficiently examined. Key Messages: Factors that impede or alter brain growth during early life could render certain brain regions or networks selectively vulnerable to the onset, accumulation or spread of AD-related pathology during later life. Careful life-course epidemiology could provide clues as to why the brain systematically degenerates during AD.

scholarly journals Exploring the links between early life and young adulthood social experiences and men's later life psychobiology as fathers

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallika S. Sarma ◽  
Patty X. Kuo ◽  
Sonny Agustin Bechayda ◽  
Christopher W. Kuzawa ◽  
Lee T. Gettler
Keyword(s):  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Social Experiences
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