Defence, Doubt, and Gracelessness (1904–9)
In this chapter, sources from Tillich’s student days (1904–9) are compared with Tillich’s later autobiographical narratives. Tillich’s father Johannes defended the conservative stance in church-political debates in Wilhelmine Prussia concerning the doctrinal orthodoxy of its pastors. Student Tillich’s determination to defend confessional standards at the national Wingolf conference 1906 shows his commitment to the same cause. Yet privately, Tillich was struggling with doubt about historical revelation, brought on by historical criticism, but chiefly his philosophical studies. Despite Tillich’s later insistence that Martin Kähler (1835–1912) taught him the centrality of justification, there was no grace in Tillich’s uncompromising stance as Wingolf leader, of which Kähler may have been quite critical. Furthermore, Tillich’s Monismusschrift (1908), influenced by his study of Fichte and others under Fritz Medicus (1876–1956), offers criticism of Kähler’s anti-metaphysical stance. Justification is merely a subordinated locus of his attempt to express Christianity in terms of idealist philosophy.