Energy in Thermal Physics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-48
Author(s):  
Daniel V. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermal Physics ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Simple Models

The behavior of energy in bulk-matter systems is subtle. We observe that energy flows spontaneously from high to low temperature; we refer to this flowing energy as heat; and we distinguish heat from work, the transfer of energy through mechanical or other means unrelated to temperature. On the other hand, simple models of gases and solids strongly suggest that at the molecular level all energy is purely mechanical. This introductory chapter surveys these basic concepts of thermal physics, illustrates them with a wide variety of familiar examples, and sets the stage for developing a deeper understanding.

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

The sense and the meaning of cultural-historical theory of L. S. Vygotsky

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Elena Kravtsova
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Projective Method ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Theory

L. S. Vygotsky’s principal idea, lying in the base of cultural-historical theory, is the primacy of sense over meaning. There are serious reasons to believe that this part of cultural-historical theory was not completely understood both by his disciples and his opponents. That’s why many Vygotsky’s conclusions and discoveries remained untapped. while others were implemented in science and practice quite di˙erently from what he suggested. Vygotsky once wrote that features of the particular science deeply related to its method. That’s why he introduced the experimental-genetic method (projective method in modern psychology), which allows modeling the processes of development. One of the basic concepts of cultural-historical theory is the concept of “cultural de-velopment”. A Cultural person, for Vygotsky, is the person, who can control not only their own behavior and actions but also their own psychic processes. On the one hand, modern psychology doesn’t deny the role of volition in child’s development. But on the other hand, the volition itself is typically understood as one’s ability to submit to laws and rules. More than that – it’s rather easy to create conditions where a person will submit to laws and rules, but it doesn’t develop his ability to control himself. In Vygotsky’s opinion, there are natural psychic functions, which in the process of learning transform into cultural ones. In this context, the main goal of learning is to create conditions for developing person’s ability to be the subject of his own behavior, activity and psychic.

Effects of Solid Volume Fraction on the Gelcasting of Alumina Suspensions

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 1041-1044
Author(s):  
Yong Huang ◽  
Li Ming Zhang ◽  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
Tian Ma
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Solid Volume Fraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sintered Body ◽  
Green Body ◽  
Microstructure And Properties ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Alumina Suspensions

The effects of solid volume fraction (SVF) on the gelation of alumina suspensions for gelcasting, debonding and sintering of the green body were studied. It was found that with SVF rising, the gelation of alumina suspension delayed; and the strength of green body decreased. On the other hand, high SVF resulted in that polymerized acrylamide split at a relative low temperature. These phenomena manifest that the fast polymerization of monomers in high SVF alumina suspension was inhibited, and the flexibility of the gelcasting was improved. However, Excessive solid volume fraction was prone to a bad rheological behavior of alumina suspension, and deteriorated the microstructure and properties of sintered body.

Effect of chromosome 1B, chromosome 6B, and low temperature on the frequency of chromosome pairing at first meiotic metaphase in hexaploid triticale

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-282
Author(s):  
Julian B. Thomas ◽  
P. J. Kaltsikes ◽  
S. Shigenaga
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Chromosome Pairing ◽  
Meiotic Metaphase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hexaploid Triticale ◽  
Other Hand

Chromosome 1B in 'Rosner' and chromosome 6B in line 125 both reduced the frequency with which chromosomes were paired at first meiotic metaphase of hexaploid triticale. On the other hand, chromosome 6B in 'Rosner' and chromosomes 1B and 6B in line 110 had no such effect. The 1B pairing suppressor in 'Rosner' was located on the short arm of the chromosome (1Bs). Between 10 and 30 °C, pairing frequency was quite stable in 'Rosner' triticale in comparison with common wheat, although the level was consistently lower in the triticale. Some reduction of pairing frequency was noted at 10 °C in 'Rosner'. This effect of low temperature did not interact with 1B dosage to cause a disproportionate decrease in pairing frequency when plants with high 1B dosage were grown at 10 °C.

Study on stabilization of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 by Ge substitution in various atmospheres

2016 ◽  
Vol 09 (06) ◽  
pp. 1642005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Kotobuki ◽  
Binngong Yan ◽  
Li Lu ◽  
Emil Hanc ◽  
Joanna Molenda
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Tetragonal Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cubic Phase ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Temperature Xrd ◽  
Li Ion

Stabilization of high Li ion conductive cubic Li7La3Zr2O[Formula: see text] (LLZ) by Ge substitution in air, N2/O2 and N2 atmospheres are studied by high temperature XRD (HT-XRD) of Ge-added tetragonal LLZ (Ge-LLZ). A formation of low temperature cubic phase caused by CO2 absorption during storage of the Ge-LLZ is observed at about 160[Formula: see text]C in all atmospheres. Additionally, impurity formation of La2Zr2O7 and La2O3 also occurs in all atmospheres. On the other hand, stabilization of cubic phase by substitution of Ge is largely influenced by the atmosphere. The cubic phase is observed at 40[Formula: see text]C after heating Ge-LLZ to 700[Formula: see text]C in air while only tetragonal phase appeared after heating in N2/O2. It is concluded that the heating atmosphere largely influences substitution of Ge, resulting in stabilization of the high Li ion conductive cubic phase.

Role of Cl/Si Ratio in the Low-Temperature Chloro-Carbon Epitaxial Growth of SiC

2013 ◽  
Vol 740-742 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
Galyna Melnychuk ◽  
Siva Prasad Kotamraju ◽  
Yaroslav Koshka
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Additional Increase ◽  
Other Hand

In order to understand the influence of the Cl/Si ratio on the morphology of the low-temperature chloro-carbon epitaxial growth, HCl was added during the SiCl4/CH3Cl growth at 1300°C. Use of higher Cl/Si ratio allowed only modest improvements of the growth rate without morphology degradation, which did not go far beyond what has been achieved previously by optimizing the value of the input C/Si ratio. On the other hand, when the epitaxial growth process operated at too low or too high values of the input C/Si ratio, i.e., outside of the window of good epilayer morphology, any additional increase of the Cl/Si ratio caused improvement of the epilayer morphology. It was established that this improvement was due to a change of the effective C/Si ratio towards its intermediate values, which corresponded to more favorable growth conditions.

Low temperature mullite formation from sol-gel precursors by hot pressing

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2474-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Pradhan ◽  
A. Chatterjee ◽  
A. Datta ◽  
M. De ◽  
D. Chakravorty
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mullite Formation ◽  
Mullite Phase ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Similar Growth

The mullite phase has been synthesized by subjecting a suitably chosen precursor gel to different pressure and temperature conditions. At ambient pressure mullite phase grows at a temperature of 1400 °C when the gel is heated for 2 h. At a pressure of 24 bar, on the other hand, similar growth occurs at a temperature of 750 °C for 5 min.

scholarly journals Diaqua(nitrato-κ2O,O′)bis(L-valine-κO)lead(II) nitrate at 296 K

IUCrData ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Bernès ◽  
Laura Gasque
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Bond Length ◽  
Coordination Number ◽  
Coordination Sphere ◽  
Title Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Space Group ◽  
Polymeric Nature ◽  
Other Hand

The structure of the title complex, [Pb(NO3)(C5H11NO2)2(H2O)2]NO3, had been determined previously at 173 and 193 K, and is now reported at 296 K, in the same space group. The main difference with the low-temperature structures is that a methyl group of one valine ligand is clearly disordered over two positions, for which the occupancies converged to 0.56 (3) and 0.44 (3). Bond-length variations within the coordination sphere of PbIIas a function ofTare difficult to assess because uncertainties on these parameters are high. On the other hand, Pb...O distances above 2.9 Å cannot be assigned unambiguously to formal Pb—O bonds. As a consequence, the polymeric nature of the complex previously described at 173 K is uncertain, as well as the actual coordination number of PbII, and it is thus not possible to determine if the metal environment is holo- or hemidirected.

Ethical Affordances, Awareness, and Actions

Ethical Life ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Webb Keane
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ethical Evaluations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Ways Of Life

This introductory chapter provides a definition of some key terms: ethics, morality, reflexive awareness, and affordance. Studies that focus on virtues, values, and ways of life tend to fall under the rubric of ethics. Those that focus on obligations, prohibitions, general principles, systematicity, and momentary decisions are treated as morality. There is a great deal of overlap and interaction between these. Cutting across the distinction between ethics and morality is another one, that between the tacit and the explicit—those background assumptions, values, and motives that go without saying or are difficult to put into words, on the other hand, and those that easily lend themselves to conscious reflection, on the other. Meanwhile, ethical affordance is any aspects of people's experiences and perceptions that they might draw on in the process of making ethical evaluations and decisions, whether consciously or not.

Introduction

The Mummy ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Doris V. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Horror Films ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
German Expressionism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Creative Team

This introductory chapter provides an overview of The Mummy (1932). While the setting and concepts of The Mummy were relatively new to horror cinema as it existed in 1932, the film's creative team nonetheless had plenty of sources from which to take inspiration. Universal Pictures' previous horror films had generally taken place against a European backdrop informed by English Gothic and German Expressionism. The Mummy, on the other hand, turned to Egypt and its ancient history for inspiration. In doing so, the film hit upon what was, as far as cinema was concerned, a fresh variety of monster: a living mummy. Thanks to The Mummy, the cloth-wrapped Egyptian revenant would join the vampire, the werewolf, and Frankenstein's Monster as a horror icon, one that would appear in innumerable sequels, imitations, and parodies. The chapter then details the plot of The Mummy.

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