Surgery of the Lacrimal System
Obstruction of the tear outflow system can occur anywhere along its course from the tear lake to the inferior meatus of the nose. Surgical techniques designed to relieve this functional or complete obstruction have been available for a long time. Toti of Italy described the dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) procedure in 1908 as a treatment modality for obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct. His technique did not make use of mucosal flaps. Dupuy-Dutemps of France, on the other hand, encouraged the use of flaps. He recommended suturing together the nasal mucosal and lacrimal sac flaps. The success rate of the operation improved dramatically. Today the external DCR procedure makes use of modifications of both of these historically described procedures. In recent years, intranasal DCR has enjoyed renewed popularity. This procedure had been performed by Lester Jones and others for years but was dropped because the success rate was 80% at best. Although the use of endoscopic techniques and laser technology has been advocated by some authorities, the success rate (approximately 70%) with relatively short-term follow-up has limited its acceptance. More recently, Javate and associates reported a series of patients undergoing endoscopic DCR with the radiofrequency Ellman unit. Their reported success rate of 90% compared favorably with a 94% success rate in 50 age-matched patients undergoing external DCR with a follow-up of 9 months. This rate also compares favorably to the present authors’ success rate of approximately 95% in uncomplicated cases undergoing external DCR and a similar rate with the endoscopic approach without use of a laser. Therefore, the laser does not appear to offer any significant advantage over more traditional intranasal approaches, and the cost may actually be a financial disincentive to its use. The benefit of mitomycin continues to be debated. You and associates performed a prospective study showing favorable long-term success rates with the use of mitomycin. On the other hand, Liu and associates performed a prospective study that demonstrated no benefit. While the DCR works well for lacrimal sac or nasolacrimal duct obstruction, it does not address obstructions of the puncta and canaliculi.