The Invention of Coins

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
Frank L. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
China And India ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Economic Needs

Early forms of money included agricultural commodities and metals, such as silver bullion and barley in Mesopotamia or gold, silver, and bronze in Egypt. The fungibility of metals made them particularly useful. Aristotle provides one view of how barter gave way to coined money, but this question remains contentious. The first coins appeared in Lydia near the end of the seventh century BC, but the spread of this monetary revolution owed much to the neighboring Greeks. Mints in many Greek poleis issued coins that not only served economic needs, but also functioned as state-sponsored advertising, art, and propaganda. The Romans and others followed suit, while independent coinage traditions emerged in China and India.

scholarly journals Neural learning: price prediction for non-agricultural commodities using back propagation network

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 2058
Author(s):  
Hudson Arul Vethamanikam G ◽  
Mary Kiruba Rani V ◽  
Joel Jebadurai D
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Agricultural Commodities ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Neural Learning ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Price Growth ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Propagation Network

Neural Network is relatively superlative in predicting economic data. The concept for econometric research contracts with predicting the price variation of non-agricultural commodities. With a focus on gold, silver, aluminium, lead, zinc, natural gas, crude oil the systematic learning for finding the price growth is the aim of this research. The methodology implemented deals with neural network back propagation for training and testing. The input data are learned with 0.2 learning rate and trained until minimization of error. The price of describing commodities from 2007 to 2016 year and it is predicted that within this period the importing commodities get profit up to 77% with combination of gold, silver, aluminium and crude oil are sold as equally. Systematically, the goods are learned easily in the proposed methodology and the error rate is minimized at the lowest. 

A REASSESSMENT OF LEATHERWORK FROM THE SUTTON HOO SHIP BURIAL

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Marquita Volken ◽  
Quita Mould ◽  
Esther Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Organic Materials ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Gold Silver

The seventh-century ship burial at Sutton Hoo Mound 1, excavated in 1939, contained an impressive display of gold, silver and bronze objects, weapons and other offerings. Organic materials such as wood, textiles and leather were also present. The leather items were studied, and the results published in 1983, when two pairs of shoes were identified from the extremely fragmented remains that survived. Recently, a reassessment of the leather fragments revised the identification to two bags and a single pair of shoes. Multiple reconstruction techniques, developed over the last twenty years, were used to examine the leather fragments and associated metal fittings to provide a new understanding of the leather items and how they had been placed in the burial.

Spirituality cuts in half the relative risk for depression: Findings from the United States, China, and India.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Portnoff ◽  
Clayton McClintock ◽  
Elsa Lau ◽  
Simon Choi ◽  
Lisa Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
China And India ◽  
Risk For Depression

Peculiarities of Modern Dynamics of the Global Economy

2010 ◽  
pp. 78-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Klinov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Long Waves ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Business Taxation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
China And India ◽  
World Economic

Rates and factors of modern world economic growth and the consequences of rapid expansion of the economies of China and India are analyzed in the article. Modification of business cycles and long waves of economic development are evaluated. The need of reforming business taxation is demonstrated.

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