scholarly journals Justice and the Human Development Approach to International Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 375-422
Author(s):  
Alex John London
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
International Research ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Research Oversight ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
Post Trial

This chapter articulates and defends the human development approach to international research. This approach extends into the international context the egalitarian research imperative outlined in chapter 4, the integrative approach to research risk in chapter 6, and the non-paternalistic approach to research oversight in chapter 7. In this approach, requirements related to responsiveness to host community health needs, the standard of care, and post-trial access to study interventions are grounded in requirements of justice and the egalitarian research imperative. The result is a unified foundation for both domestic and international research ethics that treats research as a social undertaking, recognizes justice as the first virtue of social institutions, and gives moral force to the imperative to generate the information needed to improve the ability of social institutions to advance the common good.

scholarly journals Fear of the Common Good and the Neglect of Justice

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-86
Author(s):  
Alex John London
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Social Order ◽  
International Research ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Host Community ◽  
The Common ◽  
Post Trial

This chapter traces the practical and conceptual origins of eight problematic commitments including the perception that there is an inherent moral dilemma at the heart of research with humans and the tendency to conceptualize research as a private transaction between researchers and participants without clear connections to the requirements of a just social order. It introduces readers who are new to research ethics to key cases and documents relating to domestic and international research and illustrates how they gave rise to the problematic views that produce conceptual and practical tensions in the field. The chapter frames the questions that will be addressed in subsequent chapters, including issues about research risk; the role of paternalism in research ethics; and requirements relating to responsiveness to host community health needs, the standard of care, and post-trial access in international research.

scholarly journals Avoiding Justice: Research at the Auction Block

2021 ◽  
pp. 343-374
Author(s):  
Alex John London
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
International Research ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
High Income ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Justice Research ◽  
Principle Of Justice ◽  
Post Trial

Although the principle of justice plays a peripheral role in domestic research in high-income countries, it grounds a series of requirements in international research relating to responsiveness to host community health needs, the standard of care, and assurances of post-trial access. This chapter reviews a proposal to eliminate what is seen as a cumbersome mix of requirements on international research in favor of a framework of procedures that render considerations of fairness more manageable within the confines of orthodox research ethics. This might appear to be an alternative to the approach defended in this book because it would avoid having to engage with difficult issues of justice that reach beyond the confines of the field as it is currently configured. This chapter argues that efforts to avoid substantive conceptions of justice wind up tacitly enforcing a particular conception of justice, and it is shown that the proposal to streamline the ethics of international research cannot satisfy some of the requirements that its proponents advocate.

scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Alex John London
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Social Order ◽  
International Research ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Moral Claim ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Managing Risk

This chapter provides an overview of the main arguments in the book. It outlines eight problematic commitments that cause fault lines in the foundations of research ethics and that are rejected in subsequent chapters. It then shows how a conception of the common good connects research to the ability of key social institutions to safeguard the basic interests of community members. The resulting view grounds an imperative to promote research of a certain kind, while requiring that those efforts be organized as a voluntary scheme of social cooperation that respects its various contributors’ moral claim to be treated as free and equal. A framework for assessing and managing risk is proposed that can reconcile these goals and it is argued that connecting research to larger requirements of a just social order expands the issues and actors that fall under the purview of the field while providing a more coherent and unified foundation for domestic and international research.

Achievements, Challenges, and the Way Forward

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Stewart ◽  
Gustav Ranis ◽  
Emma Samman
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Development Approach

The chapter reviews progress across countries on human development over forty years in many dimensions. As shown earlier, there was general progress on basic human development, measured by the Human Development Index. This chapter also shows progress on many other dimensions, including a rising number of countries with broadly democratic political systems, a decline in crime in many countries, and a fall in gender gaps in education and earnings. Despite a recent upsurge of violent conflict, this was mostly on a downward trend at a global level. There was a more mixed situation in some other dimensions—for example, homicides and inequalities rose while trust fell in many countries. The most pervasive failure was on environmental sustainability. The chapter concludes with a discussion of areas that the human development approach has not adequately incorporated, including social institutions, macroeconomics, and above all environmental conditions which may threaten long-term achievements on human development.

scholarly journals Justice and the Human Development Approach to International Research

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex John London
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
International Research ◽  
Development Approach

scholarly journals Justice and the Human Development Approach to International Research

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex John London
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
International Research ◽  
Development Approach

scholarly journals How can Clinical Research Trials Conducted in Developing Countries Minimize Exploitation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gia Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Research ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Undue Influence ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Clinical Research Trials ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Current Utilization

Western scholars, pharmaceutical companies, and academic institutions are and have been conducting research in developing countries for many years. These locations boast substantial cost savings, expedited timelines, and little to no regulatory oversight, making them attractive to developed-world researchers. Residents of these communities are impoverished, often illiterate, unemployed, and with untreated health conditions. Because established ethical protocols for international research are often compromised or misconstrued by researchers and/or their sponsors, these individuals are left vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. In this paper, I explore how current utilization of ethical guidelines is enabling exploitation. I identify ethical questions regarding subject recruitment, informed consent, standard of care, and the post-trial obligations of researchers. I then examine specific situations in which exploitation occurred because of drug, vaccine, or clinical trials. I conclude by offering recommendations to create a more streamlined approach to international research that takes into account the experiences and needs of vulnerable populations. This approach helps ensure that participants are fully involved in the ethical approval process; able to choose whether or not to participate without any undue influence or pressure; treated with the standard of care best suited to their context and surroundings; and reasonably given access to any interventions proven effective during the course of the trial.. A respect for beneficence, justice, and self-autonomy should guide researchers’ interactions with subjects before, during, and after the trial.

Advancing Human Development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Stewart ◽  
Gustav Ranis ◽  
Emma Samman
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Political Freedoms ◽  
Sustained Success

The book provides a comprehensive account of the human development (HD) approach to development. It shows how it emerged as a consequence of defects in earlier strategies, especially growth maximization. The book investigates the determinants of success and failure in HD across developing countries over the past forty years. Cross-country investigations show broad determinants of success and failure, while country studies give detailed examples of the policies and politics of HD. HD is multidimensional, and the book points to the importance of social institutions and social capabilities as essential aspects which are often overlooked. Yet the widely cited Human Development Index does not measure these aspects nor many of the other important dimensions of HD. The book analyses political conditions which are critical factors underlying performance on HD. The final chapter surveys global progress on multiple dimensions over a forty-year period and shows that there has been marked and pervasive improvement in many of them, including basic HD—life expectancy and infant mortality, education and incomes—as well as political freedoms. But there has been deterioration on some dimensions—with rising inequality in many countries and worsening environmental conditions. The book concludes with challenges to the approach—in particular insufficient attention has been paid to the macroeconomic conditions and economic structure needed for sustained success; and social institutions and political conditions have also been neglected. But the biggest neglect is the environment—with worsening global environmental conditions potentially threatening future achievements on HD.

scholarly journals Assessing management models for off-grid renewable energy electrification projects using the Human Development approach: Case study in Peru

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Lillo ◽  
Laia Ferrer-Martí ◽  
Alejandra Boni ◽  
Álvaro Fernández-Baldor
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Management Models ◽  
Development Approach

Cleaning up after the Mess: The Individual-Community Nexus in Correctional Rehabilitation

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Roger Guy
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
Symbolic Interaction ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Community Corrections ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Discretionary Power ◽  
Albert Bandura ◽  
Parole Officers ◽  
The Individual

The population of America's local, state, and federal prisons increased by nearly 340 percent between 1980 and 2005 (Paparozzi and Demichele 2008). Much of this increase reflects policy intended to get tough on criminals by locking them up longer and removing discretionary power of judges. Therefore, community corrections (i.e., probation and parole) have assumed increased attention recently as more prisoners are diverted and placed on probation and others are released through mandatory parole. One of the most measurable goals of community corrections is a reduction in recidivism. Much of what works today has its origins in symbolic interaction theory. Most social learning occurs through what Albert Bandura referred to as “observational learning.” One component of this approach as applied to community corrections involves parole officers modeling behavior for the offender. Research has shown us that successful modeling requires skill on the part of parole officers in order for the process of observational learning to occur. The second component in therapeutic intervention in corrections is that the client/offender must have the opportunity to reinforce the new behavior. Research suggests that this “role playing” should occur in a nonthreatening environment, with the offender receiving reinforcement for positive prosocial/noncriminal behavior and immediate disapproval for antisocial behavior. Finally, this paper will propose an integrative approach for prisoner reentry that extends this process of resocialization to include broader involvement of social institutions and the community.

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