A Return to the Analogy of Being

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Logical Form ◽  
Specific Property ◽  
Property A ◽  
Ontological Pluralism ◽  
Analogy Of Being ◽  
Disjunctive Property ◽  
Analogous Property ◽  
Modes Of Existence

This chapter explores the metaphysics of what the author calls “analogous properties.” An analogous property is a non-specific property that is less natural than its specifications (called “analogue instances”) but is more natural as a merely disjunctive property. The author discusses and then applies two tests for being an analogous property: a property is analogous provided that it has more unity than a mere disjunction but yet systematically varies with respect to either its logical form or the axioms that govern its behavior. The notion of an analogous property is used to formulate several more versions of ontological pluralism. One kind of ontological pluralism appeals to a distinction between absolute and relative modes of existence. This distinction between modes of being is then used to articulate one kind of ontological superiority, which the author calls “orders of being.”

Logical constants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Logical Form ◽  
Logical Truth ◽  
Semantic Property ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Property A ◽  
Logical Constants ◽  
Language L

A fundamental problem in the philosophy of logic is to characterize the concepts of ‘logical consequence’ and ‘logical truth’ in such a way as to explain what is semantically, metaphysically or epistemologically distinctive about them. One traditionally says that a sentence p is a logical consequence of a set S of sentences in a language L if and only if (1) the truth of the sentences of S in L guarantees the truth of p and (2) this guarantee is due to the ‘logical form’ of the sentences of S and the sentence p. A sentence is said to be logically true if its truth is guaranteed by its logical form (for example, ‘2 is even or 2 is not even’). There are three problems presented by this picture: to explicate the notion of logical form or structure; to explain how the logical forms of sentences give rise to the fact that the truth of certain sentences guarantees the truth of others; and to explain what such a guarantee consists in. The logical form of a sentence may be exhibited by replacing nonlogical expressions with a schematic letter. Two sentences have the same logical form when they can be mapped onto the same schema using this procedure (‘2 is even or 2 is not even’ and ‘3 is prime or 3 is not prime’ have the same logical form: ‘p or not-p’). If a sentence is logically true then each sentence sharing its logical form is true. Any characterization of logical consequence, then, presupposes a conception of logical form, which in turn assumes a prior demarcation of the logical constants. Such a demarcation yields an answer to the first problem above; the goal is to generate the demarcation in such a way as to enable a solution of the remaining two. Approaches to the characterization of logical constants and logical consequence are affected by developments in mathematical logic. One way of viewing logical constanthood is as a semantic property; a property that an expression possesses by virtue of the sort of contribution it makes to determining the truth conditions of sentences containing it. Another way is proof-theoretical: appealing to aspects of cognitive or operational role as the defining characteristics of logical expressions. Broadly, proof-theoretic accounts go naturally with the conception of logic as a theory of formal deductive inference; model-theoretic accounts complement a conception of logic as an instrument for the characterization of structure.

scholarly journals Ontological Pluralism and Multi-Quantificational Ontology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Król ◽  
Józef Lubacz
Keyword(s):  
Existential Quantifier ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Ontological Pluralism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
General Method ◽  
Formal Theories

AbstractThis paper explores some variants and aspects of multi-quantificational criteria of existence, examining these in the context of the debate between monism and pluralism in analytical philosophy. Assuming familiarity with the findings to date (summarized in broad terms at the outset), we seek to apply to these the newly introduced concepts of “substitution” and “substitutional model”. Possible applications of formal theories involving multiple types of existential quantifier are highlighted, together with their methods of construction. These considerations then lead to a thesis asserting the irrelevance of both multi-quantificational criteria and assumptions involving quantificational ontology to the debate between monism and pluralism in ontology. Many quantifiers cannot properly distinguish different modes of existence–as we aim to show by furnishing a general method for constructing counter-examples to any theory that assumes that different types of existential quantifier correspond to different modes of existence.

scholarly journals Visualizing Elemental Ontology in the Livre des propriétés des choses

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-127
Author(s):  
Luke Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
French Translation ◽  
Ontological Pluralism ◽  
Ecological Thought ◽  
Modes Of Existence

Abstract This essay offers an encounter with Bruno Latour’s account of ontological pluralism by way of a close reading of the Livre des propriétés des choses, Jean Corbechon’s fourteenth-century French translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s encyclopedia. Engagement with Latour’s Inquiry into Modes of Existence enables a new reading of medieval encyclopedias that takes seriously Latour’s suggestion that premodern cosmologies retain importance for modern ecological thought while simultaneously challenging his arguments about the rigidity of ontologies based on ideas of nature, substance, and matter. This essay argues that the Livre deploys precisely such an ontology in dynamic and flexible ways. The varying visual programs in Livre manuscripts each configure the encyclopedia’s ontology differently, either making humans privileged observers of nature or positioning them as subject to its laws while adopting varying solutions for communicating ontological contentions to readers.

scholarly journals EXPLANATION OF PATENTS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
dwi jaya n
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Specific Property ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Property A ◽  
Member States ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
Patentable Subject Matter ◽  
The Right

A patent is a form of intellectual property. A patent gives its owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, usually twenty years. The patent rights are granted in exchange for an enabling public disclosure of the invention. People who are employed to do research are often obligated by their employment contracts to assign inventions to their employer. In most countries patent rights fall under civil law and the patent holder needs to sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant. The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) TRIPS Agreement, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields of technology, provided they are new, involve an inventive step, and are capable of industrial application.[4]Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, also among WTO member states. TRIPS also provides that the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years. Keyword : Patents.

Some Notes on the Yoruba Rules of Succession and on “Family Property”

1959 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Specific Property ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Property A ◽  
The Status ◽  
Family Land ◽  
Anthropological Approach ◽  
The Dead

“A social anthropological approach to property as a social institution leads us to the position where we look upon inheritance not as ‘the entrance of living persons into the possession of dead persons’ property’ (a) or even as ‘succession to all rights of the deceased’ (b) but rather as the transference of statuses from the dead to the living with respect to specific property objects.”2 A man holds many statuses each of which probably gives rights and duties in respect of property; on his death these statuses do not necessarily pass to a single individual—they may well pass individually to a number of persons each of whom succeeds to the rights and duties of the particular status which has passed to him. The status may be transferred or may even disappear. If we analyse the Yoruba customary rules of succession in this manner we shall, I believe, be able to dispel some of the confusion which surrounds the concept of ‘family property’, with its attendant problems—the respective rights of sons and brothers to the deceased's property, the rights of daughters to inherit, the rights attaching to individual and family or inherited property, the distinction between movable and immovable property, the rights over individually held houses or cocoa farms situated on family land.

scholarly journals DEFINITION AND FUNCTION OF PATENTS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
DYAN PURNADIGAMA
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Specific Property ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Property A ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function

A patent is a form of intellectual property. A patent gives its owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, usually twenty years. The patent rights are granted in exchange for an enabling public disclosure of the invention. People who are employed to do research are often obligated by their employment contracts to assign inventions to their employer. In most countries patent rights fall under civil law and the patent holder needs to sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.[1]:17 The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness.[2][3]

scholarly journals Visualizing a Possible Future: Map Guidelines for a 3D Detailed Development Plan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Judge ◽  
Lars Harrie
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Specific Property ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Property A ◽  
The Public ◽  
Interactive Maps ◽  
Development Plans

AbstractDetailed development plans (DDPs) legally define what can be built on a specific property. A proper visualization of these plans is important to facilitate public participation in the urban planning process. In most countries, visualizations of DDPs are still in the form of static 2D maps, but there is a movement towards 3D interactive maps. This movement could potentially benefit public participation by improving communication of the plan proposal, but it also raises issues concerning the cartographic design. A challenge is that a DDP visualization does not convey what will be built in an area, but rather what could be built within the legal frame of the DDP. This implies that the uncertainty in the cartographic design needs to be addressed. In this study, we develop (based on literature review) and implement preliminary guidelines of a 3D DDP visualization, including interactivity possibilities to explicitly address the issue of uncertainty in DDP visualization. The preliminary guidelines are evaluated by semi-structured interviews with urban planning professionals, and based on the outcome of these interviews, the guidelines are updated. The movement toward 3D DDP visualizations was stressed by the participants as important for improving the public understanding and participation in the urban planning process, when the appropriate cartography and functionality is applied.

scholarly journals QUIS DEFINITION OF PATENTS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
erwin gustiawan
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Specific Property ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Property A ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Essential Form ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

A patent is a form of intellectual property. A patent gives its owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, usually twenty years. The patent rights are granted in exchange for an enabling public disclosure of the invention. People who are employed to do research are often obligated by their employment contracts to assign inventions to their employer. In most countries patent rights fall under civil law and the patent holder needs to sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce their rights. In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage; in others they are irrelevant.[1]:17 The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness.[2][3]

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