Discovering Architecture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Walker
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Ancient Athens ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Architectural Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Architectural Knowledge

This chapter deals with the genesis of architectural knowledge. In particular, it explores those rare moments when early modern English authors wrote about newly discovered examples of ancient architecture, the most important forms of architectural knowledge that existed. I will discuss three such accounts (all published in the Philosophical Transactions) of Roman York, Palmyra, and ancient Athens. These three texts share a preoccupation with truth and accuracy, as befitted the task of communicating highly sought-after architectural knowledge. They also demonstrate the degree of confidence of English writers in this period, not only in how they interpreted ancient architecture, but also in how they sought to criticize previous European authors on the subject. But most importantly, these texts reveal the extent of English intellectuals’ knowledge of the architectural principles of the ancient world and how that knowledge was in a state of flux.

scholarly journals A survey of grammatical variability in Early Modern English drama

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-301
Author(s):  
Andrew Hardie ◽  
Isolde van Dorst
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Drama ◽  
Early Modern English Drama ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Quantitative Metrics ◽  
Search Patterns ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
Statistical Summary

Grammar is one of the levels within the language system at which authorial choices of one mode of expression over others must be examined to characterise in full the style of the author. Such choices must however be assessed in the context of an understanding of the extent of variability that exists generally in the language. This study investigates a set of grammatical features to understand their variability in Early Modern English drama, and the extent to which Shakespeare’s grammatical style is distinct from or similar to that of his contemporaries in so far as these features are concerned. A review of prior works on Shakespeare’s grammar establishes that the quantitatively informed corpus linguistic approach utilised in this study is innovative to this topic. Using two of the grammatically annotated corpora created by the Encyclopedia of Shakespeare’s Language project, one made up of Shakespeare’s plays, one of plays by other playwrights of the period, we present a method which steers a course between the narrow focus of close reading and the naïvely quantitative metrics of authorship analysis. For a set of 15 grammatical features of stylistic interest, we retrieve all instances of each feature in each play via complex corpus search patterns and calculate its relative frequency. These results are then considered, in aggregate and at the text level, to assess the differences across plays, across dramatic genre, and between Shakespeare and the other dramatists, via both statistical summary and visual representation of variability. We find that Shakespeare’s grammatical style tends (especially in comedies and tragedies) to disprefer informationally dense noun phrases relative to the other playwrights; and, moreover, to prefer tense, aspect and pronoun features which suggest a greater degree of narrative focus in his style. Furthermore, we find Shakespeare to be highly distinct in his preferences regarding verb complement subordinate clause types. These findings point the way both to a novel methodology and to further as yet unconsidered questions on the subject of Shakespeare’s grammatical style.

Clean Bodies

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-112
Author(s):  
Susan North
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Medical Books

Early modern English medical books are full of advice about cleanliness of the skin, the subject of Chapter 4. It was considered vital for the survival of infants and insisted upon in books dedicated to childcare. Babies needed washing and/or bathing with every change of their nappy/diaper. Surgeons, responsible for the external health of the body, also recommended regular washing of the skin. Washing performed the necessary function of removing sweat, a form of excretion, as well as preventing and treating skin ailments such as the itch, morphew, and scabies. Bathing was considered a particularly effective method of cleaning the skin and the literature on this subject is examined and reassessed.

LXIII. Influence of Superstition on Vocabulary: Two Related Examples

PMLA ◽  
1935 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope Emily Allen
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Common Word ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Interesting Development

During the period covered by the Early Modern English Dictionary, witchcraft occupied the mind of the average man, and became the subject-matter of literature (dramatic, theological, philosophical, legal) to an extent probably not known in any other epoch. It is natural that such a predominating interest should have its effect on the vocabulary. There can now be described, with more detail than has hitherto been available, one instance in which the beliefs and practices of contemporary charlatans, pretending to supernatural connections, made an interesting development of meaning for a common word. This instance will be illustrated at length, for the sake of the analogies which it suggests as to possible starting points for studying other words. The discussion seems to indicate that elements in the problem go back to learned tradition and at the same time to primitive Teutonic folk-lore.

Subject control and coreference in Early Modern English free adjuncts and absolutes

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Río-Rey
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The clear-cut distinction between free adjuncts and absolutes based on the presence in absolutes of an overt subject different from the subject of the matrix clause, as opposed to the covert subject – controlled by the subject of the matrix clause – of free adjuncts, does not always hold. While it is generally agreed that unrelated free adjuncts are fairly frequent in Present-day English (PE), absolutes whose subject is identical to that of the matrix clause are regarded as obsolete (Jespersen, 1909–49; Kortmann, 1991; Söderlind, 1958; Visser, 1963–73). However, no statistical evidence has been provided on this topic for earlier stages of the history of English. This article quantitatively assesses whether the various degrees of relatedness observed in Early Modern English (EModE) coincide with those attested for PE, and concludes that the boundaries between free adjuncts and absolutes were considerably fuzzier in EModE, a phenomenon to which punctuation decisively contributed.

scholarly journals To the question on methodology of stylistic stratification in analysis of the Early Modern English dramatic oeuvre (on the example of John Skelton’s play “Magnificence”)

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alina Alekseevna Khavronich
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Integration Algorithm ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Units

The subject of this research is the methods of differentiation of neutral units and elements of inherent connotation of stylistic plan, which can be applied in stylistic analysis of literary texts of the Early Modern English period. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of general linguistic processes relevant for the early XVI century, as well as sociolinguistic conditionality of establishment of a literary canon. The author examines the specificity of perception of aureate style and unpoetic style as a system of deviations from the forming norm. The article determines the fundamental criteria of identification of stylistically marked units, as well as category of linguistic units revenant for the stylistic analysis, certain common attributes indicating a potential markedness of the word. The work demonstrates an integration algorithm of the data of diachronic corpora at the semantic and metasemiotic stages of the three-level stylistic analysis of a literary text of the Early Modern English period. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to develop an algorithm that allows verifying or clarifying the stylistic status of linguistic elements in retrospective by applying to interpretation of lexical units of a play of the Early Modern English period the data of corpus-based linguistics and pragmatics. The author refers to the relevant treatises of the XVI century dedicated to the problem of style and corresponding research, systematizing the data for specification of criteria for stylistic stratification.

scholarly journals Archaisms in D. Lyndsay’s play of the Early Modern English period “A Satire of the Three Estates”: problem of identification and stylistic assessment

Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Alina Alekseevna Khavronich
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
English Language ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Statistical Interpretation ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Approximate Frequency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment

The subject of this research is the method of identification and problem of statistical interpretation of archaic lexis in literary texts of the Early Modern English period, namely in D. Lyndsay’s play “A Satire of the Three Estates”. The article discusses the capacity of attracting the data from diachronic corpus and corpus-based dictionaries for determination of archaic elements in literary works of the XVI century. Leaning on the commentaries of reputable philologists of the Early Modern English period and modern research, the article explores the trends of relevant perception pertaining to introduction of archaisms into the literary text by the authors of that time. An algorithm is proposed for identification of outdated units in literary material, created on Scottish (considering the obsolescent character of this dialect), based on juxtaposition of the approximate frequency indexes of reproduction of the element in the Early Modern English and Scottish sections of Helsinki corpus, as well as data from the corpus-based dictionaries of Middle English and Scottish. For stylistic assessment of archaisms in the play of D. Lyndsay, the author applies the method of linguo-stylistic analysis, in which linguistic element is viewed from the contextual perspective. The scientific novelty is substantiated by the fact that for solution of the problem of analysis of archaisms in the texts of Early Modern English period, the author elaborates an algorithm that allows clarifying if a unit is obsolescent in a specific moment of development of the English language. It is established that the prevalent proportion of words in Lyndsay’s play was not archaic within the framework of Scottish dialect; and only few of the involved units were outdated at the moment of creation of text in the standard Early Modern English. The archaisms determined in the play allows stating the Lyndsay considered archaisms a part of elevated lexis. The practical values of this work is defined by the possibility to apply the proposed algorithm for detecting archaisms in any literary text of the Early Modern English period, as well as conduct stylistic assessment of archaisms from the perspective of the trends of their perception by the authors of the XVI century.

scholarly journals THE FORMATION OF RAISING VERB ARGUMENT STRUCTURE IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
M. Polkhovska ◽  
A. Ochkovska
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Verb Argument Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theta Role ◽  
Subject Raising

The paper is focused on studying the formation process of the argument structure of the raising verbs and, as a consequence, the establishment of the subject raising construction in the Early Modern English language. The emergence of studied verbs in the history of English is associated with the process of grammaticalization, when a verb with a full argument structure turns into a raising one-argument non-transitive verb that has no external argument and does not assign any theta-role to its internal argument; and subjectification, during which we observe the transition from the concrete semantic meaning of the verb to the abstract one. Restructuring of the argument environment of the raising verb is caused by the semantic bleaching of its meaning; as a result the Agent and the Cause are combined at the semantic structure level in the process of detransitivation. The Early Modern raising verb is a semantic and syntactic nucleus of the subject raising construction, which determines its main peculiarities.

scholarly journals The Gnomic Self

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Lupić
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Romeo And Juliet ◽  
English Drama ◽  
Early Modern English Drama ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
The Subject

This essay discusses the links between counsel and subjectivity in the context of early modern English drama, with particular reference to Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet. Drawing on Foucault’s notion of the gnomic self, which he recovers from the ancient philosophical tradition, it asks what kind of subjectivity emerges from situations of counsel in which remembered knowledge, in the form of sententiae, is supposed to act as a transformative force in the subject of advice

scholarly journals Negation and Pronoun Position as a way of investigating verb movement and the emergence of do support during Early Modern English

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-29
Author(s):  
Aisha Fathi Abugharsa
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Verb Movement ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Early Modern English ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Verb Raising ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Object Pronouns

This paper presents an analysis of the rise of do support and the gradual loss of verb movement during the period of Early Modern English. The analysis focuses on studying the structures in which do support was first used as an alternative to verb raising to I. It takes into consideration the analysis of the relationship between the position of the negation marker not in negative interrogative structures and the position of the subject and the object pronouns in these structures. The analysed structures are negative interrogatives taken from Shakespeare’s works in the period of Early Modern English. The results of the data analysis show that in most cases, there is do support when the subject pronouns are above negation, while there is no do support when object pronouns appear above negation. This suggests that do was first inserted here to avoid object raising with the verb to I or to C to avoid putting object and subject pronouns in subsequent positions.

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