STEMUR: An Automated Word Conflation Algorithm for the Urdu Language

Stemming is a common word conflation method that perceives stems embedded in the words and decreases them to their stem (root) by conflating all the morphologically related terms into a single term, without doing a complete morphological analysis. This article presents STEMUR, an enhanced stemming algorithm for automatic word conflation for Urdu language. In addition to handling words with prefixes and suffixes, STEMUR also handles words with infixes. Rather than using a totally unsupervised approach, we utilized the linguistic knowledge to develop a collection of patterns for Urdu infixes to enhance the accuracy of the stems and affixes acquired during the training process. Additionally, STEMUR also handles English loan words and can handle words with more than one affix. STEMUR is compared with four existing Urdu stemmers including Assas-Band and the template-based stemmer that are also implemented in this study. Results are processed on two corpora containing 89,437 and 30,907 words separately. Results show clear improvements regarding strength and accuracy of STEMUR. The use of maximum possible infix rules boosted our stemmer's accuracy up to 93.1% and helped us achieve a precision of 98.9%.

Einige Bemerkungen zu den produktivsten Wortbildungsstrategien in der deutschen Fachterminologie des Eisenbahnwesens unter der kontrastiven Berücksichtigung des Polnischen

This article is dedicated to present the most common word-formation strategies in German railway specialist terminology. The presentation of the most productive morphological nomination strategies in the analysed area is preceded by a short historical outline of the railway industry in Germany. The adumbration of the historical background and hints regarding the current EU environmental plans for railways are intended to expose the importance and relentless currency of the analysis undertaken here. The presented examples, which were extracted from the most extensive industry terminology database, RaiLLexic, have been correlated with their Polish equivalents. This contrastive procedure allows, going further, to draw conclusions about both language systems within which the professional terminology described here is constituted.

A REVIEW ON STUDIES AND RESEARCH ON USE OF PLASTIC, ITS HAZARDS AND SAFE DISPOSAL

The community has been described together of the foremost fruitful areas for improving the health of the people. It is an incontrovertible fact that social, physical and cultural aspects of the community have a serious influence on an individuals health status. One among the most risky assembling is the plastic which are used on a day to day throughout the planet. The plastic may be a common word thats used for several materials that are synthetic and semi- synthetic in nature. Use of plastic bag and bottle are common. The disposal of plastic waste is major problem due to non biodegradable nature of plastic. Its used for road construction, packaging, protecting, serving, and even removing all types of commodity. The current review summarized the research on use of plastic, its hazards and safe disposal.

Construction schemas in Yoruba compounding: focus on personal names

Compounding is a common word-formation process in Yoruba which is instantiated by different compound structures and types. However, in Yoruba personal names, compounds may exhibit significant formal and semantic properties that reflect certain constructional schemas in grammar. Hence, using the framework of construction morphology, this paper examines various schemas in Yoruba compound personal names and the internal features of these schemas. Based on data collected from personal interviews and native speaker intuition, I show that Yoruba personal names are constructions involving complex structural schemas which constitute a form-meaning pair where there are internal features that are not only semantic but syntactic and phonological. Furthermore, the paper reveals that several compound patterns may occur in Yoruba names including N-N, N-V, V-N, N-A and N-Av and that phonological processes in these schemas may be unique to the name constructions.

Fat-Burning or Fat-Shaming? Theme and Community Overlap Between Online, Weight-Stigmatizing and Exercise-Promoting Networks.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine if networks of users consistently posting about exercise and fat exist and overlap on social media sites.Method: We collected 3,772,507 posts from Twitter that included the words “fat” and “exercise”. Using network structure methods, we identified communities of interconnected users and overlaps between those tweeting “fat” and those tweeting “exercise”. Results: Common word pairings were identified using Natural Language Processing (NLP). Networks of users consistently talking about exercise (n=3,573) and fat (n=2,007) were found on Twitter. An increased mean total-degree and reduced average path length indicate that the fitness-talk network serves as a connecting bridge between highly scattered communities of the weight-talk network. Conclusion: We identified groups on Twitter dedicated to consistently producing weight stigmatizing content and promoting exercise with weight-loss messages. These groups partially overlap with pro-health groups which could lead to users looking for exercise advice in Twitter to find themselves immersed in a stigmatizing network.

Religious Binomials in Hebrew and Arabic: A Review of Literature

Binomials (i.e., a collocation of two connected words belonging to the same word class, e.g., heaven and earth) are very frequent in every language. They are more commonly found in religious texts of Semitic languages. Compared to other types of collocations, religious binomials are sometimes idiomatic, alliterative, culture-specific, or adhere to one common word order. However, compared to the dearth of studies on religious binomials in Hebrew, there is only one study on religious Arabic binomials used in a supplication. Studies on Hebrew focused on the constraints determining the order of binomial words, their semantic and grammatical categorization, how frequent they are, their functions, etc. Corpus-based studies on Semitic binomials were conducted for the purpose of proving that Semitic languages are similar. Nevertheless, there are no studies that explored religious binomials in Arabic in relation to those used in Hebrew. Thus, it might be insightful if future research on binomials focusses on religious ones in the Holy Qurʾān and Ḥadīth.

Automatic scoring of Chinese fill-in-the-blank questions based on improved P-means

Chinese fill-in-the-blank questions contain both objective and subjective characteristics, and thus it has always been difficult to score them automatically. In this paper, fill-in-the-blank items are divided into those with word-level or sentence-level granularity; then, the items are automatically scored by different strategies. The automatic scoring framework combines semantic dictionary matching and semantic similarity calculations. First, fill-in-the-blank items with word-level granularity are divided into two types of test sites: the subject term test site, and the common word test site. We propose an algorithm for identifying an item’s test site. Then, a subject term dictionary with self-feedback learning ability is constructed to support the scoring of subject term test sites. The Tongyici Cilin semantic dictionary is used for scoring common word test sites. For fill-in-the-blank items with sentence-level granularity, an improved P-means model is used to generate a sentence vector of the standard answer and the examinee’s answer, and then the semantic similarity between the two answers is obtained by calculating the cosine distance of the sentence vector. Experimental results on actual test data show that the proposed algorithm has a maximum accuracy of 94.3% and achieves good results.

MECHANISMS OF ORTHODONTIC TERMS CREATION IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

The study of terminology and lexical fields of specialized lexis is an important issue in linguistics. Special attention should be devoted to the medical terminology, which branches into different areas, is heterogeneous in its composition and has specific properties and patterns. The article is devoted to the classification and structural analysis of orthodontic English terminological units. The objective of the article is to study the main word-forming mechanisms of orthodontic terms in English, their classification, characteristics, and comparison. The research is based on methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison of terminological units of English orthodontic text (scientific articles, monographs and textbooks). Using structural analysis, English orthodontic terms were classified according to the methods of their creation. The field of terminology "Orthodontics" is classified and divided into 4 categories: "Anatomy of the Oral Cavity", "Symptoms and Diseases", "Professional Orthodontic Activity" and "Treatments". It is determined that the most common word-forming means are morphological and terminological phrases, which are characteristic to most categories. A lot of the lexical units of the category "Anatomy of the Oral Cavity" are borrowed from Latin and Greek or contain word-forming affixes. The category "Symptoms and Diseases" contains a lot of phrases. A special feature of "Professional Orthodontic Activity" is the graphic units of the written orthodontic text, which are formed by abbreviations and combined abbreviations. "Treatments" are characterized by abbreviations and combined abbreviations.