A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Organizational Challenges ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Self Service ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Proper Consideration

Chapter 1 (‘A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking’) provides a wide-arch view of the themes in the book. It highlights how in spite of being deeply embedded in our culture as an object of everyday life, the interaction with ATMs is largely inconsequential for most people. This chapter also forwards a case to study the ATM to better understand the possibilities for technological change to bring about a cashless economy. Another argument put forward is that the ATM is essential to appreciate the technological and organizational challenges that gave rise to self-service banking. As a result, the case is made that business histories of the late twentieth century will be incomplete without proper consideration to the impact of computer technology on the different aspects of business organizations.

An Introduction to Tourism Policing and a Brief History

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Private Security ◽  
First Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Specific Material ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Chapter 1 explores what tourism policing and private security are and how they differ from other forms of policing. The chapter provides a brief historical overview of American tourism policing in the late twentieth century and twenty-first century. The chapter addresses the similarities and differences between tourism policing and community policing, how they influence each other and where they separate. Finally, this chapter provides a literary overview of the pertinent literature that regarding tourism policing and addresses the lack of specific material in this field.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Stuart Aveyard ◽  
Paul Corthorn ◽  
Sean O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
European Consumer ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The long-term perspective taken by The Politics of Consumer Credit in the UK affords fresh evidence on a number of significant historical debates. It indicates that Britain’s departure from pathways followed in other European consumer credit markets was not simply a by-product of neo-liberalism’s influence on late-twentieth-century governments. It has also allowed us to offer important contributions on questions such as the impact of political ideologies over policymaking, the validity of a right–left framework for analysing politics, the extent to which a post-war consensus existed (and was broken after 1979), and the question of how adept British political parties were in exploiting the emergence of a more affluent electorate....

scholarly journals The Myth of Perfect Fidelity

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-43
Author(s):  
Melle Jan Kromhout
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Sound Media ◽  
The Many ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Chapter 1 gives a brief history of the noise of sound media from the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century, tracing the development of different concepts of noise in dialogue with and reaction to ever more complex and sophisticated technologies. It explores the many ways in which inventors, engineers, producers, and musicians have sought to prevent, reduce, and eliminate this noise. The chapter thereby draws the contours of a myth of perfect fidelity or the idea that reproduced sound can in principle be separated from the noise of the medium and complete similitude between original and copy can be achieved. This myth is illustrated by two examples of noise-related technologies: Dolby analog noise reduction, which actively reduces the noise of sound media, and the counterintuitive practice of “dithering” in digital recording, by means of which small amounts of random noise are introduced to reduce digitization errors.

scholarly journals Late Print Culture’s Social Media Revolution: Authorship, Collaboration and Copy Machines

Authorship ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Eichhorn
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Print Cultures ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
The Web

This article examines the impact of copy machines on late twentieth-century print cultures. Specifically, this article makes a case for “dry copying,” the method of print reproduction perfected by Xerox in the late 1950s, as a unique medium rather than a weak imitation of other printing methods. Following the claim that the widespread availability of copy machines in the late twentieth century represented the arrival of a new medium, this article further examines how understandings of authorship, established with print culture, came undone in the era of the copy machine. Finally, this paper makes a case for understanding copy machines as a form of “social media” that opened up opportunities for writers, readers and publishers to create, share, exchange and comment on texts and images in communities and networks of their own making in the decades preceding the development of the web.

Exploring the Self Through Algorithmic Composition

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Alsop
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
The Self ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Algorithmic Composition ◽  
Computer Algorithms ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Musical Interests ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The author discusses his views on musical composition in the late twentieth century, focusing on the influence that communication and computer technology have had over his pursuit. He goes on to describe his use of computer-based algorithmic composition and how this particular approach enhances and refines his understanding of his own musical self-expression. He describes four computer algorithms, used in recent compositions and improvisations, that reflect his particular musical interests.

Theories of Terrestrial Mass Extinction by Extraterrestrial Objects

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D'Hondt
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Proximate Causes ◽  
Biological Extinction ◽  
Luis Alvarez ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Theories of mass extinction by extraterrestrial objects have been intermittently proposed by European and North American scientists for at least 250 years. Until the late twentieth century, such theories usually treated biological extinction as a single aspect of global cataclysm. Proposed ultimate causes of mass extinction have included the passage of planetesimals close to Earth, impacts of comets or asteroids, and transient increases in cosmic radiation. These theories have consistently extrapolated from astronomical observations to suggest that extraterrestrial objects had affected Earth at some time in the past. However, until the late twentieth century, none of these theories proposed definitive tests of temporal coincidences between mass extinctions and and the terrestrial effects of extraterrestrial objects. Harold Urey's (1973) cometary impact hypothesis was the first to propose such a test. The impact-extinction theory of Luis Alvarez and his colleagues (1980) was the first to provide direct evidence of such a coincidence. Such tests were probably not possible before the middle of the twentieth century. The failure of earlier theories to generate sustained scientific interest can be most simply attributed to their lack of such evidence. Theories of extraterrestrially caused mass extinction have almost always combined hypotheses of ultimate and proximate causes of extinction. The stability of these combinations has varied greatly from category to category and age to age. In general, these combinations evolved much more rapidly when they were presented and discussed in mainstream scientific literature. Despite their ubiquity, hypotheses of proximate causes have served a limited role in the reception of these theories. Scientific critics of these theories have consistently required hypotheses of proximate causes to appear plausible. However, the recent history of impact theories indicates that an ultimate cause of mass extinction may be widely accepted without definitive proof of the proximate cause of extinction.

scholarly journals Sounds Real and Imagined:

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Denise Ruth Von Glahn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Aesthetic Responses ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Libby Larsen ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

In a career spanning more than four decades, American composer Libby Larsen has turned to the natural world for inspiration on dozens of occasions: her piece Up Where the Air Gets Thin is just one of the results. Unlike many of her nature-based works which provide primarily aesthetic responses to the sights, sounds, feel, and smells of the natural environment, this 1985 duet for contrabass and cello comments on the limits of non-verbal communication and the impact of climate change. It is simultaneously reflective and didactic. “Sounds Real and Imagined” considers the ways Larsen marshals minimal musical materials and a sonic vocabulary that she associates with stillness and cold, in combination with her commitment to environmental awareness and advocacy. It situates the historic 1953 ascent of Mt. Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tensing Norgay within the context of late-twentieth-century artistic responses and an early twenty-first century musicologist-listener’s consciousness.

From Baby Farms to Baby M

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana A. Zelizer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Technical Innovation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Exchange Value ◽  
Children In Foster Care ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter considers the impact of children's changing economic and sentimental value on turn-of-the-twentieth-century baby markets, including profound transformations in the sale and exchange value of “priceless” children in foster care and adoption. Why is it that today's infertile parents eagerly offer thousands of dollars to obtain a baby, but in the late nineteenth century unwanted babies found no buyers? The chapter traces the late-twentieth-century emergence of a controversial surrogacy market. It argues that the socially and morally problematic nature of the surrogacy baby market is not primarily that sacred items are “placed in a contract and sealed by money,” nor even that surrogacy is rigged against poor women. More significantly, surrogacy unequivocally reveals our discriminatory valuation of children. Babies are made on “special order” because children already available on the adoption market are not “good” enough—too old, too sick, or of the wrong skin color. In this respect, surrogacy is only a technical innovation. In fact, it is just the latest stage of a very special adoption market that began in the 1920s.

Nine Centuries of Man

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Gender Expectations ◽  
Court Records ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Reports ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

What did it mean to be a man in Scotland over the past nine centuries? Scotland, with its stereotypes of the kilted warrior and the industrial ‘hard man’, has long been characterised in masculine terms, but there has been little historical exploration of masculinity in a wider context. This interdisciplinary collection examines a diverse range of the multiple and changing forms of masculinities from the late eleventh to the late twentieth century, exploring the ways in which Scottish society through the ages defined expectations for men and their behaviour. How men reacted to those expectations is examined through sources such as documentary materials, medieval seals, romances, poetry, begging letters, police reports and court records, charity records, oral histories and personal correspondence. Focusing upon the wide range of activities and roles undertaken by men – work, fatherhood and play, violence and war, sex and commerce – the book also illustrates the range of masculinities that affected or were internalised by men. Together, the chapters illustrate some of the ways Scotland’s gender expectations have changed over the centuries and how, more generally, masculinities have informed the path of Scottish history

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