IMPACTS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ON OUTDOOR INSECURITY IN URBAN HOUSING COMPLEXES

Housing is one of the most essential components of life, offering shelter, protection, and comfort, as well as a place to rest. When considering the Sri Lankan housing complexes Millennium city housing complex was highlighted mainly because of the crime incidents that happened inside the housing complex. This research is done to demonstrate and to investigate the application of landscape architecture for security on urban housing complexes based on Millennium city housing complex, using landscape character to reduce outdoor insecurity. Seven places in the millennium city housing complex premises were selected to apply the crime prevention through environmental design theory and to observe its effectiveness through structured interviews and by considering the police reports that were taken through Sri Lanka police Athurugiriya. Natural surveillance, Territorial reinforcement, Maintenance, Prospect, Refuge, and Escape factors are separately discussed in the analysis regarding the selected places. A sectional survey is done for further analysis. The outcome shows that the house settings and the landscape character affect the outdoor landscape safety of the residents. The study will be a source to better understand how landscape architecture can be applied for outdoor security in urban housing complexes.

Reducing Vehicle Submersions and Consequent Fatalities on Highway I-75 in Florida (Alligator Alley): Effectiveness of a Cable Safety Barrier System

Objective: We evaluated the effectiveness of a Cable Safety Barrier (CSB) system in preventing Run-Off-Road (ROR) Vehicle Immersions (VIs) and fatalities in canals along the I-75 freeway (Alligator Alley) in Collier County, Florida. The CSB system, which runs along both sides of the 80-km stretch of freeway and was installed between 2003 and 2004. Methods: Data from the Fatal Analysis Reporting System (FARS) were used to compare annual VIs and VI fatalities between pre-installation of the CSB system (1995-2002) to post-installation (2005-2012). As well, post-installation data from the Florida Department of Transport (FDOT) (2007-2011) and police reports were reviewed to determine the number of, and manner in which, vehicles were either contained by, or crossed, the CSB by either penetrating or overriding the barriers. Results: Pre- to post-installation, total accidents increased from 81.4/y to 106.2/y, accidents resulting in VIs decreased from 13.8% to 2.4%, and accidents resulting in VI fatalities decreased from 3.4% to 0.4% (FDOT). Fatal vehicle immersions decreased from 2.4/y to 0.9/y (P<0.01) and vehicle immersion fatalities decreased from 3.3/y to 1.4/y (P<0.05) (FARS). Post-installation, 531 accidents occurred with 110 ROR vehicles travelling towards the canals; 91 vehicles contacted the CSB with only 14 vehicles (15.4%) penetrating the barrier, and 7 (7.7%) overriding the barrier (FDOT). Conclusion: The CSB system along I-75 in Collier County dramatically decreased ROR vehicles from reaching the parallel canals, and consequent vehicle immersion fatalities. Results support the installation of lateral CSB systems on other high-risk roadways to reduce ROR crashes into water, or with other secondary hazards.

With Our Backs Against the Wall

Chapter 1 sets up general themes: individual versus collective identities and survival; power and tragic, compelled agency; and change versus reproduction of practices and relations. After a brief discussion of historiography, the chapter developed its theoretical framework, building on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus and fields. First, perception and sensation are the foundation of social fields, which are structured signals of practice and authority. Second, fields have topographies of social and symbolic distance that shape perceptions and practices. Empathy is particularly important. Third, a crucial facet of fields is anchors, entities of symbolic and emotional valence that link individuals to fields through personal and symbolic meanings. Finally, groups of fields and actors crystalize into “economies” of contexts and rules of worth. The chapter closes with a discussion of power and compelled, tragic agency, and with a discussion of data: Blockade diaries, state and Party records (NKVD and police reports, Party documents, etc.), and interviews (during the Blockade, in the late 1970s, after 1991).

How victim credibility and cooperation influence investigative decision-making: examining DOJ's gender bias principles for investigating domestic and sexual violence

PurposeThe purpose of this exploratory study is to examine if and how victim credibility affects investigative decision-making and case outcomes in domestic violence and sexual assault reports through the use of the US Department of Justice's Gender Bias Principles (GBPs).Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a content analysis of 370 DVSA police reports from one agency in the western US. Multivariate regression models were estimated to examine the relationships among victim credibility and investigative activities, victim cooperation and case clearance.FindingsVictim credibility significantly predicts specific investigative actions and case clearance, but not victim cooperation. Multiple aspects of DVSA investigations significantly impact victim cooperation as well as case clearance, regardless of victim credibility issues. The GBPs are an effective framework for disaggregating investigative activities and identifying specific areas for improvement in policing response to DVSA.Research limitations/implicationsFurther study is needed to determine the temporal ordering of officer assessment of victim credibility and investigative activities, the stability of such assessments during investigations, and if credibility problems noted in police reports are valid indicators of myth acceptance among officers or represent a downstream orientation of information requested by prosecutors. Victim service referral as a part of policing response is vastly under-researched given referral's strong effects on victim cooperation and case clearance. Crime-specific differences exist in many cases, yet not in others, suggesting separate and combined DVSA analyses are warranted.Practical implicationsA more complex analysis of investigative actions offers a targeted approach to officer training and administrative rule-making that may be more efficient and effective than current generalized approaches.Originality/valueThe study is the first to empirically test the utility of the GBP framework, as well as individual aspects of DVSA investigations, and from a gender-based crime rather than crime-specific approach.

“… as the young girl told them so”

This article explores the role of women and young girls in Old Calendarist communities in Romania and presents new sources relating to neglected history of the practice of incarceration in Orthodox monasteries in the region. The community developed into a spiritual mass movement that soon became the target of the secret police. Women played an important role within these communities in terms of membership but also in relation to the preservation of Old Calendarist ideas. Explored through the prism of the former secret police archival documents, these women were deemed dangerous and were accused of luring people into the Old Calendarist groups. In contrast to the extremely negative representation of these women that we find in contemporary Orthodox Church publications, police reports and popular press articles, the letters and postcards that they wrote from detention offer us an insight into the private life, personality and motivation of these women.

“QUEM AMA NÃO MATA”

Resumo:A violência contra a mulher, temática recorrente nos debates acadêmicos e sociais, possui um histórico de evolução em termos de proteção jurídica, simultânea a própria luta feminista por igualdade formal entre homens e mulheres no nosso sistema jurídico nacional. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os dados sobre violência doméstica e familiar ocorridos em 2018 na cidade de Sobral-Ceará. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental que tem como fonte os boletins de ocorrência produzidos pela Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher de Sobral. Desta forma, identificamos que a ruptura do ciclo de violência doméstica com a formalização da denúncia envolve várias questões que circundam a problemática, desde a interiorização do lar até o âmbito coletivo da problemática em um contexto social. Palavras-chave: Violência Doméstica. Sobral-Ceará. Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher. Abstract: Violence against women, a recurring theme in academic and social debates, has a history of evolution in terms of legal protection, simultaneously with the feminist struggle for formal equality between men and women in our national legal system. The purpose of this article is to discuss data on domestic and family violence that occurred in 2018 in the city of Sobral. It is a documentary research that has as source the police reports produced by the Police Department for the Defense of Women in Sobral-Ceará. Thus, we identified that the rupture of the cycle of domestic violence with the formalization of the complaint involves several issues that surround the problem, from the interiorization of the home to the collective scope of the problem in a social context. Keywords: Domestic Violence. Sobral-Ceará. Departament for the Defense of Women.

Few aspects of epidemics control in 1915–1916 (on resources of Tsarskoselskiy uyezd)

Police reports and papers of the sanitary-executive commission about deceases of people of Tsarskoselskiy uyezd are understudied documents of 1915–1917, representative for comparative study of the resources and epidemic dynamics, special characteristics of healthcare system and interaction of administration, doctors and population.

The role of the civil police of the State of Pará in combating crimes against flora

Deforestation in the Legal Amazon has increasingly occupied a prominent place in public discussions. The state of Pará is one of the states that most illegally suppresses vegetation cover. This article aims to find out how the civil police of the state of Pará has been working to combat crimes against flora. The research took a qualitative and quantitative approach. Statistical data made available by the Secretariat of Intelligence and Criminal Analysis - SIAC on police reports and procedures put in place to investigate crimes against flora were used, as well as data from the main official platforms for monitoring deforestation in Brazil. The time frame was the period between January 2017 and January 2020. An interview was also conducted with the head of the police station for the repression of crimes against flora. The results showed that crimes against flora in Pará are underreported and that the civil police face serious obstacles to instructing police investigations due to the scarcity of material and human resources in addition to the economic and political power of most of those investigated. The research concludes that for an effective confrontation of crimes against flora, it is necessary to equip the judicial police, educate and raise awareness among the population about their role in informing the authorities about environmental devastation.