Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Badino ◽  
Jaume Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
History Of

This chapter addresses the historiography that justifies the contents of this book along the three major lines: (i) the usual divide between classical physics and modern physics is misleading when trying to explain the status quo of the ether in the early twentieth century; (ii) the ether remains alive in many quarters, thanks to a complex entanglement of authority, knowledge and ethos of some of the main actors involved in this story; (iii) the ether played a relevant role in the quest for unity in knowledge of nature in an attempt to transcend the divide between the material and the spiritual. Finally, this chapter makes a plea for pluralism in the history of science, escaping from linear and progressive accounts in the history of the demise of the ether.

The limits of comparison: institutional mortality rates, long-term confinement and causes of death during the early twentieth century

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waltraud Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Modern World ◽  
British India ◽  
Psychiatric Institution ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Material

This article presents a case study of institutional trends in a psychiatric institution in British India during the early twentieth century. It focuses on mortality statistics and long-term confinement rates as well as causes of death. The intention is two-fold: first, to provide new material that potentially lends itself to comparison with the few existing institutional case studies that have explored this particular period; second, to highlight some of the problems inherent in the status of the statistics and the conceptual categories used, and to consider the challenges these pose for any intended comparative and transnational assessment. Furthermore, it is suggested that historians working on the history of western institutions ought to look beyond the confining rim of Eurocentric self-containment and relate their research to other institutions around the world. It is important for social historians to abstain from uncritically reproducing hegemonic histories of the modern world in which western cultures and nations are posited by default as the centre or metropolis and the rest as peripheries whose social and scientific developments may be seen to be of exotic interest, but merely derivative and peripheral.

The Ether at the Crossroads of Classical and Modern Physics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imogen Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Classical Physics ◽  
Substantial Role ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
British Case ◽  
Arthur Stanley Eddington ◽  
Oliver Lodge

This chapter aims to liberate the ether from its historiographical assignment to classical physics, instead considering its role in debates surrounding the future of the discipline. Focusing on the British case, it explores the discussions underway in professional spaces between 1909 and 1914, suggesting that a physicist’s commitment to the ether does not classify them as a ‘classicist’ but rather as an advocate of continuity in the discipline. It then examines the ether’s ‘popular’ life following the well-publicised 1919 eclipse expedition, and the subsequent expository efforts by the ‘classical’ Oliver Lodge and ‘modern’ Arthur Stanley Eddington. By moving beyond a traditional approach that divides physics and physicists into classical and modern, this chapter suggests a more substantial role for the ether in professional and popular early twentieth-century British physics.

scholarly journals THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ISLAH MOVEMENT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM AND ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN PRE-INDEPENDENT MALAYSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Hafiz Zakariya
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Short And Long Term

The advent of the Islah movement in Malay Peninsula during the early twentieth century challenged the status quo and the existing political and religious institutions. It created a major controversy and tension between the reformists and those supporting the existing order. Consequently, some Muslims were suspicious of the reformists. This was primarily due to their non-adherence to the Shafi’i school of Islamic law, which was adopted by the majority of Muslims not only in Malay Peninsula, but the Nusantara in general. Amid such controversy, some people overlook and even dismiss the contribution of the reformists. Therefore, this article re-examines both the short and long-term contribution of the Islah movement to Malay society.

Neo-Primitivism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Parton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status

Neo-Primitivism is a style-label employed by the Muscovite avant-garde in the early twentieth century to describe forms of visual art and poetry that were tendentiously crude in style and socially and politically contentious in terms of subject matter. In the field of painting, the style was chiefly developed by Mikhail Larionov (1881–1964) and Natalia Goncharova (1881–1962) as well as by members of the Donkey’s Tail and Target groups, of which they were the respective leaders. In poetry, Neo-Primitivism was most consistently explored by Velimir Khlebnikov (1885–1922) and Alexei Kruchenykh (1886–1968), with whom the painters frequently collaborated. Neo-Primitivism was not only oppositional to the polite and refined culture of the status-quo, but it was also intensely nationalistic, seeing itself as the inheritor of indigenous artistic practices that had been erased under the Westernizing reforms of Peter the Great. Whilst initially inspired by Western avant-garde Modernism, the neo-primitives quickly disassociated themselves from Western practices to find inspiration in the soil of Russia. Their aim was to reinvigorate Russian art by reference to the expressive qualities of icon painitng, the lubok (Russian woodcut print), peasant embroidery, the painted tray and signboard, and the ancient Russian fertility statues found in the steppe landscape.

scholarly journals Don’t Choose the Nightingale

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dramatic Music

“I Pini del Gianicolo,” the third movement of Ottorino Respighi’s Pini di Roma (1924), is the first symphonic composition to feature a phonograph record alongside more conventional orchestral instruments, a peculiar innovation debated by both early listeners and more recent scholars. This chapter seeks to capture Respighi’s use of a pre-recorded nightingale within a wide interpretive net, considering the status of orchestration and signification in early twentieth-century instrumental and dramatic music; the medial history of Respighi’s nightingale; as well as other attempts to combine the animal, mechanical, and musical in the months around the work’s premiere. Birdsong—real, represented, and recorded—might prompt further reflection on the peculiar materiality of timbre, whose mysteries, this chapter suggests, could also be considered the subject of Respighi’s work.

scholarly journals Uncovering Preservice Mathematics Teachers’ Views on Innovation with Invention Stories from the History of Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Emin Aydin
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Teacher Candidates ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Summative Assessments ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preservice Mathematics Teachers ◽  
Risk Takers

The study is based on a qualitative research paradigm. Data comes from the invention stories from the history of science written by preservice mathematics teachers which was collected in the history of science course as part of their summative assessments. This data was analyzed using content analysis technique which resulted in seven categories, namely: existence of innovation, motivation for innovation, the development of the innovation, identity of the innovator, reason for innovation, areas of innovation time of innovation. Data was obtained through a mixture of inductive and deductive methods. The sample of this study consisted of 48 stories of invention. Results obtained from the invention stories reveal two main trends: First is the teacher candidates’ image of the innovatory scientists as the status-quo breakers. Second is the perception of Turkish scientific figures as not being open to new experiences and as non-risk takers. As a result, findings suggest that innovation is generally perceived as a western-rooted and alien concept.

scholarly journals Presidential address: Experimenting with the scientific past

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY RADICK
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Teaching Experiment ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Counterfactual History ◽  
Science Educators

AbstractWhen it comes to knowledge about the scientific pasts that might have been – the so-called ‘counterfactual’ history of science – historians can either debate its possibility or get on with the job. Taking the latter course means re-engaging with some of the most general questions about science. It can also lead to fresh insights into why particular episodes unfolded as they did and not otherwise. Drawing on recent research into the controversy over Mendelism in the early twentieth century, this address reports and reflects on a novel teaching experiment conducted in order to find out what biology and its students might be like now had the controversy gone differently. The results suggest a number of new options: for the collection of evidence about the counterfactual scientific past, for the development of collaborations between historians of science and science educators, for the cultivation of more productive relationships between scientists and their forebears, and for heightened self-awareness about the curiously counterfactual business of being historical.

scholarly journals La ciencia española en la Segunda República y la historiografía

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Álvaro Ribagorda
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Spanish History ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Scientists ◽  
Siglo Xx

Resumen: La historiografía no ha dedicado mucha atención a las particularidades de la ciencia española durante la Segunda República, quedando diluida esta etapa dentro de las visiones generales del primer tercio del siglo XX que suelen abordar las historias de la cien­cia española. A partir de la revisión de la bibliografía concerniente a este tema, se plantea aquí el interés de desarrollar una perspectiva historiográfica espe­cífica sobre el mismo.Palabras claves: Ciencia, JAE, Universidad, científicos, Segunda República.Abstract: Historiography has yet to pay enough atten­tion to specificity of science during the Spanish Second Republic. The period has been diluted within general visions of the early twentieth-century Spanish History of Science. Here we review the literature and highlight the impor­tance of developing a specific historiographical perspective on the topic.Key words: Science, JAE, University, scientists, Spanish Second Republic.

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