Demonstrative specialization and the emergence of the determiner cel

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-216
Author(s):  
Alexandru Nicolae
Keyword(s):  
Weak Form ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Structural Simplification

The first part of the chapter discusses the gradual steps of the diachronic specialization of Romanian demonstratives, the effect of which is a strict correlation between morphological strength (weak/strong) and syntactic status (head/phrase). The postnominal demonstrative construction of modern Romanian is shown to emerge diachronically from the structural simplification of a biphrasal appositional construction in a parametrically ambiguous context. The adjacency constraints active in DPs with postnominal demonstratives result from the phrasal status of strong demonstratives in conjunction with the general DP-internal movement options of modern Romanian. One of the effects of the specialization of demonstratives is the detachment of a distal weak form from the class of demonstratives (i.e. cel), and its grammaticalization as a freestanding definite determiner with special distributional and interpretative properties in Romanian; the development of the cel-constructions is taken up in the second part of the chapter.

scholarly journals Noun phrase complement in Nigerian English

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Mayowa Akinlotan
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Structural Type ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Theoretical Status ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Cooperation Relationship ◽  
Predictive Strength ◽  
Structural Simplification

The present study investigates the structure of of-complement noun phrase in Nigerian English, comparing findings with those of British and Ghanaian varieties. Of-complement is high in frequency and is a typical complement that has structural tendencies for recursiveness and complexity. A review of literature explicating the structural simplification hypothesis (Gorlach, 1998) suggests that the structure of-complement (or any other type) has received very little attention. Perhaps such scanty works show the different arguments surrounding its syntactic and theoretical status in different grammatical descriptions. Unlike many previous NP frameworks, Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2004) argued that complements are not only a syntactic element within the NP structure, but also that they are of equal obligatory syntactic status as a head noun within an NP. This framework, unlike many others, therefore conceptualizes the complement slot as an important part in the scheme of things for an NP structure viz-a-viz its complexity. Thus, a serious examination of NP complexity would consider the cooperation (relationship) between a complement and the other syntactic elements constituting the NP structure. This is one of many issues that the present study sheds light on. On the basis of variables representing syntactic function and text type, together with corpus analyses of NPs extracted from the Nigerian component of International Corpus of English (ICE), the structural behavior of of-complement in the lights of other internal elements constituting an NP structure, is clearly shown. It is found that a complement is less likely to co-occur with other all internal elements (20%). Also, it is shown that an of-complement is likely to co-occur with prenominal elements (30%). Furthermore, the paper shows that a structural type of of-complement representing h-complement (i.e. an NP structure consisting of a head noun + a complement, see Huddleston & Pullum, 2002, 2004, and Akinlotan & Housen, 2017) is more likely to occur (26%) as an independent NP structure than to co-occur with postnominal elements (24%). The structural simplification hypothesis is manifested in our corpus data, as it is found out that a complement is more likely to be simple-structured (54%) than complex-structured (46%). On the predictive strength of syntactic function and text type (Biber et al., 1999; Schilk & Schuab, 2016; Akinlotan, 2017), the study finds syntactic function a better predictor than text type.

Finding Missing Objects in Biblical Hebrew (with an Appendix on Missing Subjects)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cook
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Object Marking

Missing object complements are significant for the grammar and the lexicon. An explanation is called for of their syntactic status, the basis for their “recovery” or interpretation in discourse, constrictions on what type of objects may be missing, and their information-structure status in the context of object marking more generally. In this essay I present a taxonomy of missing complements in Biblical Hebrew from the perspective of information structure, focusing especially on the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic bases of their interpretation in the discourse. In an appendix I briefly explore the applicability of this taxonomy of missing objects to explain the interpretation of missing subjects in Biblical Hebrew discourse.

An Empirical Study on Efficient Market Hypothesis with reference to FMCG Sector

GIS Business ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Nitin Tanted ◽  
Prashant Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Efficient Market ◽  
Price Movements ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Stock Price Movements

One of the highly controversial issues in the area of finance is “Efficient Market Hypothesis”. Efficient Market Hypothesis states that, “In an efficient market, all available price information is reflected in the stock prices and it is not possible to generate abnormal returns compared to other investors.” A lot of studies conducted previouslyto test the Efficient Market Hypothesis, confirmed the theory until recent years, when some academicians found it to be non-applicable in financial markets. According to them, it is possible to forecast the stock price movements using Technical Analysis. The results of various studies have been inconclusive and indefinite about the issue. This study attempted to test the efficiency of FMCG Sector stocks in India in its weak form. For the study, closing prices of top 10 stocks from Nifty FMCG index has been taken for the 5-year period ranging from 1st October 2014 to 30th September 2019. Wald-Wolfowitz Run test has been used to test the haphazard movements in the stock price movements. The results indicated that FMCG sector stocks does support the Efficient Market Hypothesis and exhibit efficiency in its weak form. Hence, it is not possible to accurately predict the price movements of these stocks.

Investigation of Timing Anomalies in the Russian Stock Market in the Post-Crisis Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
I. Ya. Lukasevich
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Presidential Decree ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
Russian Stock Market ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
Global And Local

The implementation of the May presidential decree aimed at Russia’s joining the top five global economies and achieving economic growth rates above the world’s average while maintaining macroeconomic stability requires a highly developed and efficient stock market ensuring the accumulation of capital and its deployment in the most promising and productive sectors of the economy.The subject of the research is timing anomalies in the Russian stock market in 2012–2018. The relevance of the research is due to the information inefficiency of the Russian stock market and its imperfections leading to significant price deviations from the «fair» value of assets and depriving investors of the opportunity to form various strategies for deriving additional revenues not related to fundamental economic factors and objective processes occurring in the global and local economies and the economy of an individual business entity. Based on the trend analysis of the Broad Market USD Index (RUBMI), the paper demonstrates a methodology for simulating the analysis of price anomalies on large arrays of real data using statistical data processing methods and modern information technologies. The paper concludes that though the Russian stock market lacks even the weak form of efficiency, such well-known timing anomalies as the “day-of-the-week” effect and the “month” effect have not been observed in the recent years. Therefore, investors could not use these anomalies to derive regular revenues above the market average.

Extended Emulation Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rade
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
External Input ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Abstract Thought ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
Short Term Prediction ◽  
The Mind

Emulators are internal models, first evolved for prediction in perception to shorten the feedback on motor action. However, the selective pressure on perception is to improve the fitness of decision-making, driving the evolution of emulators towards context-dependent payoff representation and integration of action planning, not enhanced prediction as is generally assumed. The result is integrated perceptual, memory, representational, and imaginative capacities processing external input and stored internal input for decision-making, while simultaneously updating stored information. Perception, recall, imagination, theory of mind, and dreaming are the same process with different inputs. Learning proceeds via scaffolding on existing conceptual infrastructure, a weak form of embodied cognition. Discrete concepts are emergent from continuous dynamics and are in a perceptual, not representational, format. Language is also in perceptual format and enables precise abstract thought. In sum, what was initially a primitive system for short-term prediction in perception has evolved to perform abstract thought, store and retrieve memory, understand others, hold embedded action plans, build stable narratives, simulate scenarios, and integrate context dependence into perception. Crucially, emulators co-evolved with the emergence of societies, producing a mind-society system in which emulators are dysfunctional unless integrated into a society, which enables their complexity. The Target Emulator System, evolved initially for honest signaling, produces the emergent dynamics of the mind-society system and spreads variation-testing of behavior and thought patterns across a population. The human brain is the most dysfunctional in isolation, but the most effective given its context.

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