Surveillance and diagnostics

Pertussis ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 193-210
Author(s):  
Shelly Bolotin ◽  
Helen Quinn ◽  
Peter McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pertussis Epidemiology ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses the characteristics and limitations of diagnostic tests for Bordetella pertussis infection, including bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serology. It then discusses surveillance for pertussis at the population level in high- and low-income settings, outlining the interplay of clinical, laboratory, and surveillance criteria in the identification and reporting of pertussis cases. The characteristics of pertussis surveillance systems are related to both detection and reporting of pertussis and can change, even within countries, if changes in diagnostic practice occur, making comparisons over time problematic. These considerations have significant implications for optimal surveillance of pertussis in different settings and assessment of resurgence, as also discussed in Chapter 4 on pertussis epidemiology.

Detection of Clostridium difficile Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (S1) ◽  
pp. S35-S37 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Clostridium Difficile Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Polymerase Chain

There has been a recent surge of interest in Clostridium difficile infection, which reflects an impressive increase in the number and severity of these infections. This review addresses some of the newer methods for detection of C. difficile infection at the bedside and in the laboratory. Particularly important are the new rapid diagnostic tests that detect toxigenic C. difficile using polymerase chain reaction and the combination tests that, either simultaneously or sequentially, screen for C. difficile and test for toxins A and B. It is expected that these new testing methods will largely supplant the enzyme immunoassays for toxins, which are used by most laboratories, departments, and divisions. The present goal is to combine clinical, laboratory, and animal research related to C. difficile that reflects issues that are considered to be major contemporary challenges. Among this work is the pursuit of studies of immune mechanisms to better control this disease.

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (12) ◽  
pp. 1182-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Hankin ◽  
Susan V. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Mantle Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Mantle Cell ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Objective.—This article summarizes the most useful ancillary immunohistochemical and molecular assays for use in the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma. Data Sources.—The English language literature was surveyed, with an emphasis on recent publications, for articles presenting key advances in the molecular characterization of mantle cell lymphomas and for series of cases testing the utility of molecular diagnostic tests. The authors' series of 26 small B-cell lymphomas, analyzed for the cyclin D1 protein by paraffin immunohistochemistry and for t(11;14) by polymerase chain reaction, is included. Conclusions.—Mantle cell lymphoma, a B-cell lymphoma now recognized in the 1994 Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) classification, is a relatively aggressive lymphoma with a poor prognosis. Its characteristic t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation has a role in oncogenesis and has been exploited for molecular diagnostic tests, but these tests vary in sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use. Improved immunohistochemical tests are sufficient to confirm the diagnosis in most cases. Conventional cytogenetics and molecular diagnostic tests for t(11;14)—Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction analysis—may be helpful in selected cases, but are laborious or of limited sensitivity. Other methods, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization, need further development to provide faster, more sensitive diagnosis.

scholarly journals Etiology of Diarrhea Requiring Hospitalization in Bangladesh by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2014–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Taniuchi ◽  
Kamrul Islam ◽  
Md Abu Sayeed ◽  
James A Platts-Mills ◽  
Md Taufiqul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea. Methods We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea. Results We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children <5 years and was consistent across the sites (coefficient of variation = 56.3%). Adenovirus 40/41 was the second leading pathogen in both children and adults. Vibrio cholerae was the leading pathogen in individuals >5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC. Conclusions Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis osteomyelitis of the tibia mimicking Brodie abscess: A case report and review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2050313X1986945
Author(s):  
Abdülkadir Sari ◽  
Yaşar Mahsut Dinçel ◽  
Ibrahim Halil Erdogdu ◽  
Hakan Sezgin Sayıner ◽  
Ismail Agir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Bone Destruction ◽  
Rare Condition ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Radiographic Appearance ◽  
Brodie’S Abscess ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Tuberculosis osteomyelitis is rarely seen in the diaphyseal bones. It may be confused with Brodie’s abscess due to similar clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Late diagnosis of the disease causes bone destruction. Tuberculosis osteomyelitis of the bone is a rare condition caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its incidence has increased in Western countries in recent years due to HIV infection, increasing elderly population and emerging resistant strains. The slow progress of tuberculous osteomyelitis, due to lack of significant elevations in the laboratory values and changes in the radiographic appearance, often leads to confusion with the subtypes of subacute osteomyelitis, defined as Brodie’s abscess. These two low-virulence clinical cases often lead to delays in diagnosis and progressive bone destruction. Case presentation: We report a 65-year-old male patient who presented to our clinic with pain, swelling and sensitivity in the left leg. Diagnosed with infection in the tibia, the patient had undergone antibiotherapy. However, the patient’s symptoms were not resolved and we performed bone curettage and cementation. M. tuberculosis-specific DNA was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and the M. tuberculosis complex was produced from the perioperative samples. Conclusion: In conclusion, histopathological examination and polymerase chain reaction are essential before surgery of subacute and chronic osteomyelitis with atypical clinical, laboratory and radiological findings for early diagnosis and accurate treatment.

scholarly journals Current Avenues for COVID-19 Serology

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 087-090
Author(s):  
Saumya Srivastava ◽  
Vidhi Jain ◽  
Vijaya Lakshmi Nag ◽  
Sanjeev Misra ◽  
Kuldeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractDevelopment of rapid, reliable, and easy diagnostic tests with high-throughput is the need of the hour for laboratories combating the COVID-19 pandemic. While real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for diagnosing active infections, it is expensive and time-consuming. Serological diagnostic assays with a premise to aid rapid contact tracing, immune status determination, and identification of potential convalescent plasma donors hold great promise. Timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and future prevention are key to management of COVID-19.

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