Journey’s End

Leonard Woolf ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 188-202
Author(s):  
Fred Leventhal ◽  
Peter Stansky

In this concluding chapter the book elucidates the tension in Leonard’s life between Hebraism and Hellenism, which provided the dynamic for his moral and spiritual evolution. His Jewish background helped shape his identity, imposing on him an obligation to duty and strictness of moral conscience, while the Hellenism, imparted by his education, his membership of the Apostles, and his Bloomsbury friends, opened him to ideals of beauty, rationality, and human progress. Abandoning religious belief at an early age, Leonard retained a “Semitic vision” of justice and mercy as the foundation of civilized life. His ethical values drew partly from parental influence, but even more from that of the philosopher G. E. Moore. In maturity he came to believe that “nothing matters” and developed a fatalistic view of death, his own and those who pre-deceased him, especially his father and his wife. In the final volume of his autobiography, he concludes that the thousands of hours he devoted to political activity and writing were ultimately futile, but that for him it was right that he should have done it. This book contends that his significant accomplishments were multifaceted—personal, political, literary, and commercial. As a publicist for the League of Nations and as a Labour activist, he strove to achieve international peace and to undermine faith in the merits of British imperialism. He also provided the security and support in which Virginia could flourish as a writer.

Author(s):  
Jussi M. Hanhimäki

The International Peace Conference in 1899 established the Permanent Court of Arbitration as the first medium for international disputes, but it was the League of Nations, established in 1919 after World War I, which formed the framework of the system of international organizations seen today. The United Nations was created to manage the world's transformation in the aftermath of World War II. ‘The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN’ shows how the UN has grown from the 51 nations that signed the UN Charter in 1945 to 193 nations in 2015. The UN's first seven decades have seen many challenges with a mixture of success and failure.


Author(s):  
Charlie Laderman

Although the League of Nations was the first permanent organization established with the purpose of maintaining international peace, it built on the work of a series of 19th-century intergovernmental institutions. The destructiveness of World War I led American and British statesmen to champion a league as a means of maintaining postwar global order. In the United States, Woodrow Wilson followed his predecessors, Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft, in advocating American membership of an international peace league, although Wilson’s vision for reforming global affairs was more radical. In Britain, public opinion had begun to coalesce in favor of a league from the outset of the war, though David Lloyd George and many of his Cabinet colleagues were initially skeptical of its benefits. However, Lloyd George was determined to establish an alliance with the United States and warmed to the league idea when Jan Christian Smuts presented a blueprint for an organization that served that end. The creation of the League was a predominantly British and American affair. Yet Wilson was unable to convince Americans to commit themselves to membership in the new organization. The Franco-British-dominated League enjoyed some early successes. Its high point was reached when Europe was infused with the “Spirit of Locarno” in the mid-1920s and the United States played an economically crucial, if politically constrained, role in advancing Continental peace. This tenuous basis for international order collapsed as a result of the economic chaos of the early 1930s, as the League proved incapable of containing the ambitions of revisionist powers in Europe and Asia. Despite its ultimate limitations as a peacekeeping body, recent scholarship has emphasized the League’s relative successes in stabilizing new states, safeguarding minorities, managing the evolution of colonies into notionally sovereign states, and policing transnational trafficking; in doing so, it paved the way for the creation of the United Nations.


Philosophy ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 13 (49) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Hilda D. Oakeley

In the course of his discussion of the work of the Disarmament Commission, in his book on the League of Nations, Sir Alfred Zimmern asks why the British people were so active in sponsoring disarmament. The question arises because, as he points out, the project must evoke proposals in regard to security which they were in no mood to consider. “The explanation,” he proceeds, “no doubt is that the eventuality, however obvious it may seem in retrospect, was overlooked in the enthusiasm for what had become for a certain type of British opinion a moral crusade, rather than a realistic


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Ni Komang Wiasti

Dharmagita is a sacred religious song that is sung during religious ceremonies. Within a specific scope, Dharmagita can be sung at the level of formal, non-formal and informal education. Because the benefits are very important for Hindus, and even used to accompany dances that are profane and sacred, children's play, and even worship to Ida Sanghyang Widhi wasa. Sekar rare as a children's song that has a cheerful character, as an accompaniment to children's games today needs to be raised from an early age to an adult level, with the aim of fostering social sensitivity, courtesy, sradha bhakti, as Hindu ethical values. In reality, it is rarely used by PAUD teachers because of the lack of references, and they are still focused on implementing a complete curriculum, so it needs to be awakened. Therefore, it is necessary to study about sekar rare as a medium for learning Hindu ethical values in PAUD. The method used in the meaning of rare sekar is qualitative descriptive. Data analysis refers to interpretive data and facts. There are several Hindu ethical values contained in Dolanan, Gending Janger, and Gending Sanghyang, namely divine values, compassion values, national values, sradha bhakti values, and social values.


Author(s):  
Joseph M. Siracusa

‘The evolution of dimplomacy’ looks briefly at the evolution of modern diplomacy, focusing on diplomats and what they do, paying attention to the art of treaty-making. A case can be made that treaties of international peace and cooperation comprise nothing less than the diplomatic landscape of human history, from the benchmark European treaties of the Congress of Vienna (1815), Brest-Litovsk (1918), and Versailles (1919) to the milestone events such as the Covenant of the League of Nations (1919), the United Nations Charter (1948), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949).


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-277
Author(s):  
Shabana Shamaas Gul Khattak

This study elaborates a discussion of my previous studies; ‘Feminism in Education’1 and ‘Synthesising Feminists’ Theories2. Here, I analyse the three waves of feminism through my feminist lens of liberal, socialist/Marxist, radical and Islamic feminism. I argue that the waves of feminism enhance our understanding about gender struggle for equality around the global. However the differences of processes and parameters of discrimination are varies from society to society and culture to culture. Unknowably, feminism in Pakistan has been alive since the freedom struggle from the British imperialism for their national cause. However lack of education and patriarchy increase the gender gap in the country and make men more powerful. I concluded that only higher education can transform women own beliefs to defend and fight for themselves by productive positive arguments with their family men. It does not mean they are violating their religion or ethical values.


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