scholarly journals Either/Or: Subjectivity, Objectivity and Value

2020 ◽  
pp. 254-268
Author(s):  
Katalin Balog
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Conceptual Thought ◽  
The World

This chapter argues that the apprehension of value is necessarily subjective, i.e. tied directly to experience rather than to processes of conceptual abstraction. Because of this, a proper appreciation of value depends on relating to the world through a distinctively contemplative stance that is different from the stance of conceptual thought. This contemplative attitude of attentive subjectivity is one that we bring to bear in the appreciation of literature, music, and art. It is because of the primacy of subjectivity in the apprehension of value that personally transformative choices cannot be approached through the rubric of rational decision theory.

Transformative Experience and the Knowledge Norms for Action

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Richard Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
Decision Theory ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Transformative Experience ◽  
Knowledge Framework ◽  
Probabilistic Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
Rational Choices ◽  
Knowledge Norms

In this chapter, Richard Pettigrew continues his defense of the Fine-Graining Response to L. A. Paul’s critique of decision theory, arguing that it meets a new challenge from Sarah Moss’s probabilistic knowledge framework. The strategy of the Fine-Graining Response is to treat uncertainty about one’s post-transformation preferences just like decision theory standardly treats uncertainty about the world. After reviewing the dialectic between himself and Paul, Pettigrew examines Moss’s argument that the potential for transformation blocks the kind of probabilistic knowledge she claims is necessary for rational decision. He distinguishes ways in which Moss’s argument both comports with and diverges from Paul’s. Finally, he defends the possibility of forming the kinds of justified credences needed for the Fine-Graining Response, and that this is sufficient for rational choices regarding transformation.

Evidential Decision Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Evidential Decision Theory ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Evidential Decision ◽  
Theoretic Foundations

Evidential Decision Theory is a radical theory of rational decision-making. It recommends that instead of thinking about what your decisions *cause*, you should think about what they *reveal*. This Element explains in simple terms why thinking in this way makes a big difference, and argues that doing so makes for *better* decisions. An appendix gives an intuitive explanation of the measure-theoretic foundations of Evidential Decision Theory.

La corrupción. Algunas consideraciones conceptuales y contextuales

2016 ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Jorge Francisco MALEM SEÑA
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Private Activity ◽  
Single Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic

LABURPENA: Ustelkeria fenomeno unibertsala da. Herrialde, aro, sistema juridiko-politiko eta jarduera publiko edo pribatu guztietara hedatu da. Hala ere, eremu zehatz batzuk direla-eta, ustelkeria errazago hedatzen da planetako zenbait tokitan beste batzuetan baino. Azalpen ona izan daiteke ustelkeria tresna bat dela helburu politiko, ekonomi edo sozial batzuk lortzeko. Esangura horretan, ustelkeria erabiltzea agente ustelaren erabaki arrazionala da. Hori dela eta, elite politikoek eta gizarteak, orokorrean, ez dute beti ustelkeria gaitzetsi. Lan honetan, ustelkeria pizten den hamar testuinguru aztertu dira. Eszenatoki horiek guztiak honelaxe laburbil daitezke: zigorgabetasuna. Zuzenbidea ez denean eragingarria, ustelkeria loratzen da. Ustelkeria politikoa ustelkeriaren eta zigorgabetasunaren aurrean erakutsitako adierazpen bat baino ez da. Zigorgabetasuna amaitzea giza lazeria horri aurre egiteko forma bat da. RESUMEN: La corrupción es un fenómeno universal. Ha atravesado todos los países, todas las épocas, todos los sistemas jurídico-políticos y cualquier actividad pública o privada. A pesar de ello existen ámbitos que provocan que la corrupción se expanda más en algunas zonas del planeta que en otra. Una explicación plausible es que la corrupción juega un papel instrumental para alcanzar determinados fines políticos, económicos o sociales. En ese sentido su uso se corresponde con una decisión racional del agente corrupto. Por ese motivo, las actitudes frente a la corrupción no han sido siempre de rechazo, ni por parte de las élites políticas, ni por parte de la ciudadanía en general. En este trabajo se analiza diez contextos donde se incentiva la corrupción. Estos escenarios pueden resumirse en un único término: impunidad. Cuando el derecho es ineficaz florece la corrupción. La corrupción política es una manifestación más de las actitudes frente a la corrupción y de la ineficacia punitiva. Acabar con la impunidad supone una de las formas de oponerse a esta calamidad humana. ABSTRACT: Corruption is a global phenomenon. It has been experienced by all countries at all times, in any political-legal system and any public or private activity. In spite of this, there are fields that provoke the expansion of corruption to some areas of the world more than others. A plausible explanation would be that corruption plays an instrumental part for the purpose of achieving some political, economic or social aims. In that regard, its usage corresponds with a rational decision by a corrupt agent. That is why the attitudes towards corruption have not always been of rejection not by political elites not by citizenship in general. We analyze in this work ten contexts where corruption is stimulated. These scenarios can be summarized in a single term: impunity. When law is ineffective, corruption thrives. Political corruption is another manifestation of the attitudes towards corruption and of the punitive ineffectiveness. Erradicating impunity is one of the forms of opposition against this human calamity.

The Temporal and the Eternal

2005 ◽  
pp. 611-636
Keyword(s):  
Rational Decision ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter, taken from Josiah Royce's Gifford Lectures of 1899, argues that any rational decision as between a pessimistic and an optimistic view of the world, any account of the relations between God and Man, any view of the sense in which the evils and imperfections of the Universe can be comprehended or justified, any account of our ethical consciousness in terms reconcilable with our Idealism must turn in part upon a distinction between the Temporal and the Eternal, and upon an insight into their unity in the midst of their contrast. The problem at issue is one of the most delicate and, at the same time, one of the simplest of the great issues of philosophy. The chapter deals with it at first in a purely theoretical fashion and then proceeds to its practical applications.

Concept and Time in Hegel

Dialogue ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-422
Author(s):  
John Burbidge
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Philosophical Problem ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
Philosophy Of Time ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Definitive Answer ◽  
Dynamic Character ◽  
Conceptual Thought ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

To formulate a philosophy of time is not easy, even though it would seem to be the basic requirement for any philosophy which attempts to comprehend the world of nature or of history. The problem is briefly posed: Can the conceptual framework of philosophical thought do justice to the dynamic character of time?The purpose of this paper is not to provide a definitive answer to this question. Its aim is more limited. By discussing carefully the way in which Hegel's philosophy related conceptual thought to time, it hopes to provide new perspectives on this vexing philosophical problem.

Factors Involved in Juveniles' Decisions About Crime

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Cimler ◽  
Lee Roy Beach
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Decision Theory ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Subjective Expected Utility ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Purposeful Behavior ◽  
Pros And Cons

Delinquency is viewed as a purposeful behavior that is the result of a rational decision in which the pros and cons are weighed and the act that promises the greatest potential gain is performed. As a first step in evaluating this view, an experiment was run using 45 male juvenile offenders as subjects and the Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) model from decision theory as the model of the decision process. Results showed that the SEU model correctly predicted 62.7% of the subjects' decisions, and that the proportion of decisions favoring committing an offense increased as a function of the degree to which the SEU favored such a decision.

scholarly journals Civilizational Structure of Regional Integration Organizations

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergii Sardak ◽  
Svitlana Radziyevska ◽  
Yuriy Prysiazhniuk
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Rational Decision ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Rational Decision Making ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Dynamics ◽  
Regional Associations

The paper advances a new comprehensive complex approach to the investigation of the civilizational aspects in the development of regional associations of countries. The research starts with the overview of historical dimensions of the civilizational approach and the contribution of the founding scholars to its development. It continues with the analysis of the scientific and methodological input of the followers and the critics of this approach. The authors suggest their theoretical approach to the identification of the modern local civilizations according to six parameters: natural, biological, technical, economic, social, and governing. The civilizational affiliation of countries and the civilizational structure of major 17 regional associations of countries are identified. The results demonstrate that some regional groups have been more homogeneous in terms of civilizational composition, others – less homogeneous, which does not interfere with their dynamic development. However, the logic of the historical dynamics of human development indicates the inevitability of changing the current situation through prolonged civilizational conflicts resulting in significant changes in the global social dynamics and the civilizational structure of the world and of regional associations of countries. The identification of the civilization structure of countries and regional associations contributes to the rational decision-making in the areas of international economic relations and to the formation of the integration/disintegration policies on the national and regional levels. It is predicted that from 2030 global social dynamics will undergo a fundamental break- through that will radically change the civilizational structure of the world and regional unions of countries.

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