AL QUR’AN SEBAGAI SUMBER ILMU PENGETAHUAN

The qur 'an and the hadith as the basis of islamic teaching, not only set the affairs of the urighteous alone, but also contain passages relating to science and technology (iptek). Many verses both the qur 'an and the hadith signal about science such as biology, history, astronomy, and much more. Science is one of the main content of the holy scriptures of the qur 'an. Even the word 'ilm itself is called in the qur 'an 105 times, but in the sense that it has been called over 744 times that is indeed one of the needs of Islam. This word science is used in the sense of the process of attainment of knowledge. Intact study requires the use of scientific, philosophical, humanities, historically, sociological, and doctrinal methods. Learning the qur 'an in order to discover values that are able to bend lil alaamin requires a highly intelligent role but must be remembered that human intelligence contains limitations. Therefore, to feel the content of the qur 'an intact and thoroughly requires theological, philosophical, scientific, and sensory thinking. This requirement was necessary because not all problems were solved or resolved merely by philosophical thought but required other methods that could be used together.

Some aspects of the authorship of the treatise “Xiao Jing”

The article deals with the authorship of the Confucian treatise Xiao Jing (“The Classic of Filial Piety”). Xiao Jing is one of the classical treatises that constitutes a part of the Confucian corpus Shisan Jing (“The Thirteen Classics”). This confirms the importance and high significance of this text for the traditional philosophical thought of China. The earliest mention of the title “Xiao Jing” was recorded in the work from the 3rd century BC, Lu shi chun qiu (“Spring and Autumn of Mr Liu”), which indicates the terminus ante quem non for the treatise Xiao Jing. According to some Russian scholars, the treatise Xiao Jing was compiled in the IV-II centuries BC. The Chinese scholarship acknowledges eight main versions of authorship, and therefore dating of Xiao Jing. The author stresses the importance to establish the authorship of the Xiao Jing treatise since this can be a piece of additional information for a comprehensive understanding of the philosophical heritage of the Confucian tradition of this text. After presenting an outline of the main versions of authorship of the Xiao Jing treatise, the author states that this issue can hardly be solved unambiguously. Therefore, this article can be considered as a preliminary essay for further research. The appendix offers a complete Russian translation of the Xiao Jing made by the author of the present article.

Diderot: Space and Movement Introduction

Space and movement are not central concepts in discussing Diderot’s physical and philosophical thought, however they become quite interesting when the discussion shifts to aesthetics. Because of that, the question of space and movement in Diderot’s works is the main focus of this issue of Itinera. An analysis is carried out of the rhetorical and literary use of space and movement by Diderot to spatialise his materialist written expression and “put thinking in motion”. Special attention is devoted to the philosopher’s aesthetic considerations, of which space and movement are an important theoretical piece. Some of Diderot’s main works - among which the Lettre sur le aveugles, the Salons, Jacques le fataliste - are investigated under different perspectives in order to show the relevance of space and movement.

Theoretical-Methodological Achievements of the Yerevan School for Argumentation

The Yerevan School for Argumentation (YSA) perhaps is the most brilliant manifestation of Armenian philosophical thought. Moreover, it is one of the remarkable results of the centuries-old Armenian philo- sophical culture that has gained world recognition. In the 18th (Brighton 1988; see: Brutian, G., 1988) and 19th (Moscow, 1993) World Congresses of Philosophy organized by the Federation of International Socie- ties for Philosophy, Academician Georg Brutian, the founder and head of the YSA, was entrusted with organizing and chairing Round tables on the discussion of the modern theory of argumentation organized within the framework of these conferences. Brutian?s fundamental publications served as the basis for the directions of the School. They put for- ward principles concerning the definition of argumentation, the structure of argumentation, the language of argumentation, the role of logic, and means of persuasion in the structure of argumentation, the rules of political argumentation, etc. The goal of the present work is to analyze and generalize the theoretical-methodological and conceptu- al results and approaches developed in the YSA, to examine their role in the system of modern philosophi- cal and logical theorems, as well as in the modern theories of argumentation, to present the frame of argu- mentation discourse and its methodological analysis developed in the School, to review the questions of the theory of meta-argumentation, to analyze the history and theoretical-methodological bases of for- mation and institutionalization of the YSA in the context of the developments of the world philosophical thought and the aspect of its contribution to world scientific thought, to suggest a general conception of scientific achievements of the School by a comparative analysis concerning other international centres.

PHILOSOPHY AND POETRY: THE UNITY AND DIFFERENCE OF DIMENSIONS (Marginalia to E.K. Sobolevskaja’s article “Yearning – homeland – rowan...”)

The poetic dimension of philosophical thought is the central problem of this paper. Poetry and philosophy have different tasks, but both poetry and philosophy are concerned with the word as an instrument – knowledge (for philosophy) and expression (for poetry). Philosophy uses the word in its semantic constituents, abstracting from its external form. For poetry, the external sound side is inseparable from meaning and its various semantic aspects. In some cases, however, these typological attitudes and tenets are reversed. In philosophy, such cases can be considered as the work with language in its poetic dimension. Heraclitus worked in this way in antiquity, Heidegger works with language and with the word similarly in modern times. In poetry, we can consider the work of M. Tsvetaeva as such a case. Poeticizing, as represented by Tsvetaeva, is a cardinal linguistic shift, determined by the inner experience: distancing from any national language, or cardinal defamiliarization of the language in the constitutive centres of its conventional symbolic coordination, recognizing it every time and, accordingly, recognizing, renaming, defamiliarizing of the world. More than anybody else poets are immersed in the world, in search of the names, in giving meanings to things. When considering the poet’s work from the perspective of poetic dimensions of philosophical thought, the author relies on an article by Elena Sobolevskaya “Yearning – homeland – rowan...”, which uses both philological and philosophical approaches to the analysis and interpretation of Marina Tsvetaeva’s poetic work.

Dietro le quinte della modernità armena Il ruolo degli intellettuali nel periodo delle Riforme costituzionali dell’Impero Ottomano. Il contributo di Ṙet‘ēos Bērbērian

This paper explores the varied facets of the intellectual activity of Ṙet‘ēos Pērpērean (1848-1907). He was the founder of one of the most renown educational centres of Constantinople, the Pērpērean/Bērbērean College, and a dynamic agent in the cultural and political panorama within the so-called Awakening movement (Zart‘ōnk‘). The paper aims to show that Pērpērean played a dominant role in enhancing the cultural and social modernisation that influenced the social life of the Constantinopolitan Armenian millet. Pērpērean contributed to reform the educational system of his time, promoted gender equality and women’s rights, and constituted the first Armenian workers associations in Constantinople. This article shall analyse Pērpērean’s philosophical thought and its significance in the later nineteenth-century Armenian-Ottoman society.

Historical-philosophical views of V. I. Zasulich (On the example of the work “Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The experience of characteristics of his social ideas”)

The article is devoted to the work of the Russian revolutionary, writer and Marxist theorist V. I. Zasulich. The subject of consideration is the historical and philosophical views of the thinker, which are analyzed on the basis of her study devoted to the work of J.-J. Rousseau – “Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The experience of characteristics of his social ideas”, which previously remained almost without the attention of researchers. The purpose of the work is to analyze the basic principles of the approach of V. I. Zasulich to the study of philosophical thought: the desire to recreate the historical situation and the mental situation, the focus on the selection of socio-political and ideological determinants of the views of a particular thinker, the selection of unique and innovative thoughts compared to contemporaries and predecessors, the influence of the thinker on contemporaries and descendants. The research methodology is the system analysis, and reconstruction of the works by V. I. Zasulich on the problems of research. The work of V. I. Zasulich is a full-fledged scientific research: it analyzes the works of the thinker, refers to other researchers of his work. It identifies the determinants of the direction of his works, the thinker’s innovation and contribution to philosophy, as well as his influence on the further development of spiritual life, that is, adheres to the Marxist methodology of historical and philosophical research (and largely forms this methodology for Russian scientists).

POTENTIAL OF PERSONALITY: HISTORICAL RETROSPECTIVE

The essence of personality potential is one of the important characteristics of understanding a person as an integral being, creating an individual space of personal aspirations and values. The origins of the problem under consideration in various forms are present in the philosophical reflections of many researchers and have a long history. Even Socrates, Plotinus, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas drew attention to the deep foundations and spiritual essence of man, to the presence of virtues in a state of potential stagnation, to the need for their development in order to achieve the ideal of perfection. N. Kuzansky, S. L. Frank, P. I. Tillich noted the presence of latent force unfolding in time in living beings, the rejection of the self and introduction into something higher, the correlation of the divine and the human, the interconnection of things and events, etc. The modern world actualizes the solution to the problem, creating conditions for a deeper understanding of the potential, consideration of its integrity and the essential foundations of maximum realization. The crisis in all spheres of human life, economic, political, social, requires a quantum leap in understanding the potential and building, on the basis of modern studies of the phenomenon, new projects for transforming reality. In this regard, understanding the historical aspect of studying the logic of the genesis of potential makes an invaluable contribution to solving this problem. Understanding the depth of philosophical thought in a historical retrospective about the origin, emergence and existence of potential will allow you to connect the past and the present, as well as qualitatively advance into the future.

Poświęcić niepewność – prolegomena do badań nad kinem postsekularnym

This article undertakes the issue of defining film phenomena which put forward questions of a primary religious nature (about the meaning of life, source of evil, life after death, the existence of Absolute, etc.) in a way that is independent from major religious traditions. The author posits that describing this phenomenon in the case of European film culture is done best by employing the philosophical thought of postsecularism. Utilizing Mieke Bal’s method of cultural analysis, the author takes as an example the term “sacrifice” to point to the existence of different models by which religious topics are undertaken by the cinema. This leads to a preliminary typology of the phenomenon which differentiates between ‘apologetic’ and ‘critical’ films and, furthermore, between films that refer to particular religious traditions and those expressing a postsecular perspective.

DOMESTIC PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT ABOUT NATIONAL MENTALITY

The article examines the views of the classics of Russian philosophical thought (V.S. Solovyev, S.N. Bulgakov, I.A. Ilyin and N.A. Berdyaev) on the essence of the national mentality. The interpretation of nationalism and cosmopolitanism given by thinkers is revealed. Their understanding of the essence of the Russian national mentality, its advantages and disadvantages is considered in detail.