Demographic Representation and the Fifteenth Century Crisis of the University of Paris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
Demographic Challenges ◽  
Demographic Representation ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University ◽  
Number Of Individuals

This chapter examines the fifteenth-century crisis of the University of Paris. The decade between 1436 and 1446, immediately following the reclamation of the French capital in the final phase of the Hundred Years War, was a period of crisis at the University of Paris. One of the most important aspects of this crisis was a series of political setbacks suffered by the university. While political setbacks were among the most obvious aspects of the University's crisis, there is also readily available evidence suggesting a decline in demographic representation at the university during this period. In the 1420s and 1430s, a significant number of individuals requested permission to break oaths binding them to complete their studies at Paris. Parisian scholars also frequently invoked the demographic challenges faced by the university and the capital as a whole in the effort to defend their university privileges.

scholarly journals A Gersonian Text in Defense of Poetry: De laudibus elegie spiritualis (ca. 1422–1425)

Traditio ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 369-385
Author(s):  
G. Matteo Roccati
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
Cultural Climate ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
Great Schism ◽  
The University ◽  
Important Evidence

During the troubled period of the Great Schism, the Hundred Years War, and the civil war in France, Jean Gerson (1363–1429), chancellor of the University of Paris, played an important part. However, his primary importance lies in the considerable corpus of writings that he left, rather than his role in political and ecclesiastical affairs. His theological writings are well known, and the literary aspects of his works have been pointed out, especially in relation to French humanism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In particular, his Latin poems are important evidence of the cultural climate of these years and still survive in great number — we actually know of nearly six thousand verses. Unfortunately, there is currently no complete edition that satisfies modern critical criteria. In these circumstances, any critical work on these texts must begin with a study of the manuscripts.

scholarly journals The Fifteenth-Century Councils: Francisco de Vitoria, Melchor Cano, and Bartolomé Carranza

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-166
Author(s):  
Thomas Izbicki
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
School Of Salamanca ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University ◽  
Francisco De Vitoria ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Ideal

The Dominican theologian Francisco de Vitoria, founder of the School of Salamanca, was cautiously positive about general councils as useful to the church. However, he was not supportive of the strong conciliarism of the University of Paris. Vitoria’s successor at Salamanca, Melchor Cano, was much more a papalist, an opinion partially shared by Bartolomé Carranza, who attended the opening sessions of the Council of Trent (1545–63) and became archbishop of Toledo. Both Cano and Carranza rejected any claim to conciliar power over a reigning pope, although Carranza wrote more favourably about councils than did Cano. Their criticisms of the fifteenth-century councils of Constance (1414–18) and Basel (1431–49) foreshadowed the categorization of councils by Robert Bellarmine based on loyalty to the papacy. All of these theologians shared the belief that the ideal council was that of Ferrara–Florence (1438–45), which was summoned and directed by a pope.

The sermon literature of pope Clement VI

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Diana Wood
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Skill ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University ◽  
Walter Burley

Maximus sermocinator verbi Dei is the description of pope Clement VI, formerly Pierre Roger, given by a fourteenth-century French chronicler. Others of the pope’s compatriots were equally fulsome in their adulation. An Italian chronicler, perhaps an ex-student at the university of Paris, where Pierre Roger had been a master in theology, records:. . . gratissimus fuit sermocinator. Quum cathedram concionaturus aut disputaturus ascendebat, tota Parisiorum Civitas, ut eum audiret, accurrebat. Proh quam eleganter sermocinabatur!In Prague, Clement’s ex-pupil, the emperor Charles IV, remembered the grace with which he had been infused through listening to one of his master’s sermons over twenty years before. Even the English joined this chorus of praise. Thomas Walsingham paid tribute to Clement as a man of singular culture, while Walter Burley lauded his teaching skill, his oratory, and his legendary memory. By the early fifteenth century Clement’s sermons were regarded as models. Several of them appear, abbreviated and anonymous, as part of a treatise on preaching by Paul Koëlner, canon of Ratisbon, written some time before 1420.

Brochs and beyond: excavations at Old Scatness, Shetland

Antiquity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (375) ◽  
pp. 797-801
Author(s):  
Simon Gilmour ◽  
Jon Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Collaborative Project ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
The University

Completely unknown until 1975, when it was revealed during the construction of a new road, Old Scatness is a multi-period site that has provided unequivocal evidence dating broch construction to the mid first millennium cal BC, alongside a firmly dated sequence that is crucial to understanding the long Iron Age in Atlantic Scotland. Excavations were carried out at the site between 1995 and 2006 by local volunteers and staff and students from the University of Bradford in a collaborative project led by Bradford and Shetland Amenity Trust. The first volume, The Pictish village and Viking settlement, covering around 1000 years from 400 cal AD–1400 cal AD, appeared in 2010. It was followed by The broch and Iron Age village in 2015, which considered pre-broch occupation from the Neolithic, but focused on the construction of the broch village from the mid first millennium cal BC. The third and final volume, The post-medieval township, published in 2019, examines the settlement evidence from the late fifteenth century AD to the end of the twentieth century AD, placing it within the historic context of the documentary evidence for the period. Given the complexity of the excavations, the range of scientific methods employed and the comprehensive nature of the published volumes, this is an impressive turnaround. As a set, these three volumes represent the full publication of an extraordinary occupation sequence spanning over 2500 years, allowing a detailed reconstruction of the changing social and economic role of a location in Shetland from the development of an enclosed broch, through a period of Norse occupation to a final phase as a nineteenth-century AD croft.

Alan Kirketon: a clerical royal councillor in Normandy during the English occupation in the fifteenth century

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Allmand
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Henry V ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University

The search for royal councillors was one of the major difficulties which Henry V had to face once he had achieved the conquest of Normandy. Many local royal officials, having taken the oath of loyalty to the king, were confirmed in their posts; others were brought over from England—a system which proved satisfactory at first. But the finding of personnel for the higher offices presented Henry with a serious problem. Since he was unwilling to trust the native French at so early a stage he could, and did, begin by seeking the counsel of his fellow-countrymen. But this method could not continue indefinitely, since it did not correspond with the intentions lying behind the conquest, planned to be lasting and permanent. However, the alliance with Charles VI, cemented in 1420 by the Treaty of Troyes, meant that the English could now call upon a number of Frenchmen, many of Burgundian origin or sympathy, to serve in the royal council. It was soon realised, too, that the university of Paris was an admirable seed-ground for future royal councillors, especially lawyers, of whom there was need. By the end of Henry V's reign, a number of these graduates were already employed by the English: under the regency of the duke of Bedford they soon achieved a numerical superiority in the royal council in France. From now on, the English dominions were to be ruled by men of these two groups.

Conciliarism, Papalism, and Power, 1511-1518

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 409-427
Author(s):  
J. H. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
Great Schism ◽  
The University ◽  
Speak Up ◽  
The Church

If ‘the later conciliar controversy’ may be regarded as having come to an end by the middle of the fifteenth century, the years considered here may perhaps be seen as the period of the last controversy of quite that kind. It is true that words like ‘first’ and ‘last’ are always hazardous in historical discourse, and perhaps nowhere more so than in the history of ideas. Clearly the argument about the place of general councils in the polity of the Church had not completely died away in the second half of the fifteenth century; nor did it come to a sudden end in 1518 (specified here as the year which saw the Concordat of 1516 reluctantly accepted by the University of Paris and also the publication of John Mair’s Commentary on St Matthew’s Gospel, with its strenuous assertion of conciliarist principles). Twenty years more were to pass before the posthumous publication of the longest single work generated by the entire conciliar controversy, Domenico Giacobazzi’s De concilio. And seven years later it was, of course, a council of the Church that faced the challenge of what had, from small beginnings within the period examined here, become a schism more fundamental and far-reaching than that which had precipitated the original conciliar movement. Even at Trent, moreover, there were those who were prepared to speak up for ‘conciliarist’ principles and policies. Yet it still seems true to say that the years of the Council (or what purported to be the Council) of Pisa and Milan, and of the Fifth Council of the Lateran, saw the last significant and direct confrontation between conciliarism and papalism as those positions had developed in the ecclesiology and ecclesiastical politics of the period inaugurated by the Great Schism. No doubt this last act was an anticlimax, a controversy over the dubious claims of a conciliabulum which was at least politically used if not originally inspired by purely political motives. In the history of ideas, however, and perhaps especially in the history of political ideas, the debate is not so easily dismissed.

A Middle English Treatise on Hermeneutics: Harley Ms. 2276, 32V-35V

PMLA ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-600
Author(s):  
R. H. Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Western World ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
Allegorical Interpretation ◽  
The University ◽  
Holy Writ ◽  
The Middle Ages

The fourfold interpretation of Holy Writ or of other authoritative texts, through the technique of exegesis commonly known as allegorical interpretation, was a well known cultural phenomenon throughout the Middle Ages.3 The practice of allegorical interpretation itself was well developed in the Western world by the time of Plato,4 and the fourfold method may be regarded as a further refinement of this technique. It constituted a tradition of remarkable vitality: as late as the early fifteenth century we find Erasmus inveighing against its abuses in The Praise of Folly with as much emphasis as Dante had defended it in his famed letter to Can Grande in an earlier century. It was taught at the University of Paris during the Middle Ages5.

A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Alin Constantin Corfu
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Paris ◽  
The University

"A Short Modern History of Studying Sacrobosco’s De sphaera. The treatise generally known as De sphaera offered at the beginning of the 13th century a general image of the structure of the cosmos. In this paper I’m first trying to present a triple stake with which this treaty of Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195 - c. 1256). This effort is intended to draw a context upon the treaty on which I will present in the second part of this paper namely, a short modern history of studying this treaty starting from the beginning of the 20th century up to this day. The first stake consists in the well-known episode of translation of the XI-XII centuries in the Latin milieu of the Greek and Arabic treaties. The treatise De sphaera taking over, assimilating and comparing some of the new translations of the texts dedicated to astronomy. The second Consists in the fact that Sacrobosco`s work can be considered a response to a need of renewal of the curriculum dedicated to astronomy at the University of Paris. And the third consists in the novelty and the need to use the De sphaera treatise in the Parisian University’s curriculum of the 13th century. Keywords: astronomy, translation, university, 13th Century, Sacrobosco, Paris, curriculum"

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