Price Promotions in Space and Time

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-137
Author(s):  
Jens-Peter Loy ◽  
Thomas Glauben ◽  
Amelie Mongrowius
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Consumer Search ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Consumer Loyalty ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Price Promotions ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Spatial Pricing

German consumers indicate a strong affection for locally produced beer brands and demand varies significantly throughout the year. In particular, nationwide distributed brands need to respond to consumer loyalty towards local brands (spatial pricing) and the seasonality of demand (temporal pricing) through their pricing strategy. Some theoretical models derive hypotheses for optimal spatial and temporal pricing strategies under these circumstances. Contrary to neoclassical intuition, brands promote more aggressively in their home markets and in periods of peak demand. Employing a detailed data set of weekly promotional prices for German beer during the period from 2000 to 2012, we find evidence to support these hypotheses. The results indicate that brand loyalty has dynamic effects and consumer search is more intensive in periods of peak demand.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Blocking Behavior and Pricing: The Case of Airbnb

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Yifeng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future ◽  
Resources Sharing

Over the years, as people's lives have improved, our need for transportation and accommodation has increased, driving the rapid growth of the sharing economy. Some well-known network sharing platforms, such as Uber, Drip and Airbnb, provide a large number of convenient options for users with transactional needs, make more use of idle tourism, accommodation and other resources. Sharing economy platforms continue to improve the content and format of their products, but at the same time, the future of sharing platforms and the difficulty of competition is a concern as more platform companies become involved and prices become more transparent. Under this circumstance, optimizing product pricing has become an urgent need for many sharing economy platforms. In this paper, we take Airbnb as the starting point and conduct an empirical analysis of the blocking behavior of homeowners based on proprietary data to explore the factors that affect their product supply. We find that price, number of beds, and listing type all have a significant impact on blocking houses. After that, we conducted further research on price factors and developed a model aiming at profit maximization to obtain the best pricing range for the region and provide suggestions for pricing strategies. Keywords: Sharing Economy, Blocking behavior, Pricing Strategy, Airbnb

scholarly journals Theoretical Models for Interpreting the Dielectric Behaviour of HF-doped Ice

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (85) ◽  
pp. 123-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Camplin ◽  
J. W. Glen ◽  
J. G. Paren
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Electrical Conduction ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Yield Values ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ice Lattice

AbstractTo understand the recent dielectric measurements made on HF-doped ice single crystals requires a full knowledge of the concentration of electrical defects present in ice and their subsequent interactions. Previous interpretations of the behaviour of HF-doped ice have concentrated upon specific features in isolation, whereas this paper presents analyses of a data set of 139 temperature and impurity combinations from 17 HF-doped ice single crystals. The interpretation of the behaviour of these crystals is in terms of several possible theoretical models. All models are based upon the common assumptions that HF molecules enter the ice lattice substitutionally and that excess Bjerrum and ionic defects can be formed at the HF sites. They also use the theory of electrical conduction in ice by Jaccard (1959) and the defect equilibria analysis in ice by Kroger (1974).All models yield values for the concentration, mobility, energy of formation and charges for the different types of electrical defect considered to be generated.From the model which assumes that only three fluorine centres exist, the approximate derived values of the mobility and charge for the L-defect and positive ionic defect are as follows: μL = 5 × 10-8 m2 V-1 s-1 at 273 K, eDL = 0.44e; μ+ = 2.7 × 10-8 m2 V-1 s-1 at 273 K, e± 0.73e.Finally, using the derived defect conductivities and the Jaccard theory of electrical conduction, the relaxation tune of HF-doped ice has been successfully predicted over a wide range of temperature and fluoride concentration.

Pricing for New Products

2013 ◽  
pp. 56-74
Keyword(s):  
New Product Development ◽  
New Products ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Product Innovations ◽  
Product Pricing ◽  
Pricing Process ◽  
Product Scope ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Market Strategies

Pricing strategies specify market needs that may be served by different price offerings. The pricing strategies of the company are duly related to market strategies that eventually come to dominate both the overall strategy and the spirit of the company. Pricing strategies deal with matters such as number and diversity of products, product innovations, product scope, and product design. The implementation of pricing strategies requires cooperation among different groups including finance, research and development, the corporate staff, and marketing. This chapter guides managers as to how to manage the concept pricing process for new product development effectively by the customer centric companies through mapping the consumer perceptions about their needs and expected products. In this chapter, the author describes how companies get customer centric pricing strategy, product pricing, and tactical moves in a way that help the firms to get the competitive advantage and build profits in the future.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Supermarket Pricing: The Case of Selected Supermarkets in Gaborone, Botswana

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Sathyamoorthi C.R. ◽  
Mburu P. T.
Keyword(s):  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Fluctuations ◽  
Intercept Survey ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
Everyday Low Price

<p>The purpose of study is to explore price fluctuations (tracking of pricing trends) in essential consumer items among identified Supermarkets in Gaborone. The prices were read from shop displays at the beginning of the month, mid-month and at the end of the month. A triangulation methodology was utilised as it strengthened and confirmed results. Seven major supermarkets were selected for the study while a mall intercept survey was used to find out the consumer store and brand selection in relation to pricing strategies adopted by the store.</p><p>The study revealed that there were price fluctuations and differences between selected supermarkets during the selected period of study as well as amongst branches within a supermarket. Supermarkets utilised pricing for promotional than other element of retail mix. The results indicate that Promo pricing strategy was preferred by both stores and customers compared to Everyday Low Price (EDLP) and High-Low Pricing. While consumers shopped at the beginning and the end of the month looking at the price, mid-month shopping was done more looking at other retail mix elements. With well-educated customer’s base, EDLP and H/L pricing may not work as customers would be looking for the extras in the retail mix. The findings also indicated that consumers were aware of price differences and engaged in shopping in an opportunistic manner (cherry pickers). </p>

scholarly journals Do Community Colleges Provide a Viable Pathway to a Baccalaureate Degree?

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Terry Long ◽  
Michal Kurlaender
Keyword(s):  
Community Colleges ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Baccalaureate Degree ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Baccalaureate Degrees ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Bachelor's Degrees

Community colleges have become an important entryway for students intending to complete baccalaureate degrees. However, many question the viability of the transfer function and wonder whether students suffer a penalty for starting at 2-year institutions. The authors examined how the outcomes of community college entrants compared with those of similar students who initially entered 4-year institutions within the Ohio public higher education system. Using a detailed data set, the authors tracked outcomes for 9 years and used multiple strategies to deal with selection issues: propensity score matching and instrumental variables. The results suggest that straightforward estimates are significantly biased, but even after accounting for selection, students who initially began at community colleges were 14.5% less likely to complete bachelor’s degrees within 9 years.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Renewable Energy Industry Regulation on Feed-In Tariffs Based on Pricing Strategy of Value Standard Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Optimal Price ◽  
Industry Regulation ◽  
Regulation Type ◽  
Renewable Energy Industry

Based on pricing strategy of value standard method, we establish a three-stage game model of energy production to compare the differences of optimal regulated price and social welfare under three regulation types of feed-in tariffs. We show that the optimal price levels under three main regulation types are different. But the choice of regulation type does not impact the optimal social welfare. So policymakers with different preferences may make regulation decisions in different ways. This successfully explains why many regulation types exist in different countries. Moreover, although it is difficult to determine the optimal price by the value standard method in practice, the conclusions of this paper also provide a judgment criterion for other pricing strategies on how to choose a suboptimal regulation type.

EFFECT OF PENETRATION PRICING STRATEGY ON THE PROFITABILITY OF INSURANCE FIRMS IN KENYA.

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Perminus Kariuki Nyaga ◽  
Mr. Wilson Muema
Keyword(s):  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Insurance Firms ◽  
Product Costs ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose: The objectives of the study were to establish the To determine the effect of penetration pricing strategy on the profitability of insurance firms in Kenya.Methodology:The descriptive research design was preferred to other research designs because it reports the status of study variables. The population of study was the 45 insurance companies operating in Kenya as at 31st December 2012. Data was drawn from a period of five (5) years that is 2008-2012. The sample of this study was 10% of the sales workforce which comprised of 900 employees from the 45 insurance companies. The sample was generated by purposively sampling two employees from each insurance company.The researcher collected primary data with the help of a questionnaire. The primary data obtained from the questionnaires was summarized and analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistical techniques.Results:Regression and correlation results indicated that there was a statistically significant and positive relationship between penetration pricing strategies and profitability. These results implied that penetration pricing has a positive effect on the profitability of insurance companies.Policy recommendation: The study recommends that insurance companies put in place measures assess the most effective pricing strategy to reduce product costs and thus increase profitability whenever such a strategy is used.

Analysis of Demand Side Management Measures for Residential Buildings

Solar Energy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayme Dark ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Efficiency Measures

As part of a utility program to explore implementation of demand charges and time of use utility rates for residential buildings, impact of commonly used energy efficiency measures on the reduction of electricity demand in residential homes are explored in this paper. The study presented in the paper focus on homes located in the Denver-Boulder area. Detailed energy audit and simulation analyses are conducted to obtain detailed data relevant to energy performance of 13 homes. Simplified analysis method is outlined to estimate the energy use of residential homes as well as electrical peak demand. Moreover, general guidelines are provided to effectively reduce peak demand for homes.

Dynamic stability of the Nash equilibrium for a bidding game

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 591-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bressan ◽  
Hongxu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Limit Order Book ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Noncooperative Game ◽  
Order Book ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Formula ◽  
Incoming Order ◽  
Unique Nash Equilibrium

A one-sided limit order book is modeled as a noncooperative game for several players. An external buyer asks for an amount [Formula: see text] of a given asset. This amount will be bought at the lowest available price, as long as the price does not exceed an upper bound [Formula: see text]. One or more sellers offer various quantities of the asset at different prices, competing to fulfill the incoming order. The size [Formula: see text] of the order and the maximum acceptable price [Formula: see text] are not a priori known, and thus regarded as random variables. In this setting, we prove that a unique Nash equilibrium exists, where each seller optimally prices his assets in order to maximize his own expected profit. Furthermore, a dynamics is introduced, assuming that each player gradually adjusts his pricing strategy in reply to the strategies adopted by all other players. In the case of (i) infinitely many small players or (ii) two large players with one dominating the other, we show that the pricing strategies asymptotically converge to the Nash equilibrium.

scholarly journals The Impact of Price Comparison Service on Pricing Strategy in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Xu ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Bin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Comparison ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Dual Channel Supply Chain ◽  
The Impact

Recently, price comparison service (PCS) websites are more and more popular due to its features in facilitating transparent price and promoting rational purchase decision. Motivated by the industrial practices, in this study, we examine the pricing strategies of retailers and supplier in a dual-channel supply chain influenced by the signals of PCS. We categorize and discuss three situations according to the signal availability of PCS, under which the optimal pricing strategies are derived. Finally, we conduct a numerical study and find that in fact the retailers and supplier are all more willing to avoid the existence of PCS with the objective of profit maximization. When both of retailers are affected by the PCS, the supplier is more willing to reduce the availability of price information. Important managerial insights are discussed.

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