Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques

2021 ◽  
pp. 176-203
Author(s):  
Peter A. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Dynamic Methods ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Electrical Methods ◽  
Absolute Population

Quantitative methods for taking sediment, soil, and litter samples, together with the different approaches and apparatus to extract the animals, are described. Mechanical methods discussed include wet and dry sieving, flotation, and elutriation. Behavioural or dynamic methods such as Berlese and Baermann funnels are described. Chemical and electrical methods to drive animals from cover are described, and the efficiency of the different extraction techniques is reviewed.

Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture–Recapture Experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-112
Author(s):  
Peter A. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Robust Design ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Stochastic Method ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Protein Marking ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Estimate Population Size ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Absolute Population ◽  
Natural Marks

The main methods used to estimate population size using capture–recapture for both closed and open populations are described, including the Peterson–Lincoln estimator, the Schabel census, Bailey’s triple catch, the Jolly–Seber stochastic method, and Cormack’s log-linear method. The robust design approach is described. R code listings for commonly used packages are presented. The assumptions common to capture–recapture methods are reviewed, and tests for assumptions such as equal catchability described. The use of programs to select model assumptions are described. The main methods for marking different animal groups are described, together with the use of natural marks and parasites and DNA. Marking methods include paint marks, dyes, tagging, protein marking, DNA, natural marks, tattooing, and mutilation. Methods for handling and release are described.

A comparative study of extraction techniques for maximum recovery of β-galactosidase from the yogurt bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabin Gyawali ◽  
Ayowole Oyeniran ◽  
Tahl Zimmerman ◽  
Sulaiman O. Aljaloud ◽  
Albert Krastanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Protein Determination ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Mechanical Extraction

AbstractThe study reported in this research communication evaluates the chemical (solvents) and mechanical (sonication, bead-beater) extraction methods to determine the maximum recovery of β-galactosidase from L. bulgaricus spp. Among all extraction techniques, sonication-assisted extraction yielded the highest amounts of enzyme activity (between 1892–2156 Miller Units) in cell-free extract (supernatant). Interestingly, solvent extracted enzyme activities were found to be very low (between 83–153 Miller Units) in supernatant. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the total protein determination showed that mechanical methods can completely lyse the cells. Our results thus demonstrated that the mechanical extraction method of sonication is the best one for recovering the maximum amount of lactase from L. bulgaricus strains.

DISPERSAL AND ESTABLISHMENT OF PLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1102-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Host Density ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Parasitoid Complex ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Absolute Population

AbstractPleolophus basizonus (Gravenhorst) is a parasitoid from Europe introduced in Canada and liberated between 1939 and 1949 to supplement natural mortality factors of sawfly populations. Three recoveries reported in the literature show that the parasitoid has dispersed 81 km at 4.3 km per year in Ontario, between 109 and 161 km at 4.5 and 5.6 km per year in Quebec, and 172 km at 8.6 km per year in Michigan. Dispersal occurs by walking, possibly by short flights and by water while the parasitoid is within the host cocoon. Female parasitoids do not fly unless disturbed and dispersal by water cannot account for their movement in Quebec. In observation trays, the mean rate of travel on the ground by female parasitoids was 20.9 cm per minute. This speed is sufficient to account for the rates of dispersal recorded in the field. The parasitoid was present in every jack pine stand sampled between 1965 and 1968 in the western part of the St. Maurice River watershed in Quebec. The most abundant host was Neodiprion swainei Middleton. Absolute population estimates indicate that the parasitoid responds positively to host density and that it is an important addition to the native parasitoid complex.

Conception and Fabrication of Silicon Ring Resonator With Piezo-Resistive Detection for Force Sensing Applications

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuang Xiong ◽  
Benjamin Walter ◽  
Estelle Mairiaux ◽  
Marc Faucher ◽  
Lionel Buchaillot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vacuum Chamber ◽  
Ring Resonator ◽  
Force Sensing ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Resonance Frequencies ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Parasitic Signal ◽  
Electrical Methods ◽  
Force Resolution

A new concept of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) oscillating probes using electrostatic excitation and piezo-resistive detection is presented. The probe is characterized by electrical methods in vacuum chamber and by mechanical methods in air. The mixer measurement technique is developed to reduce the parasitic signal level. These probes resonance frequencies are in the 1MHz range and the quality factor is measured about 53,000 in vacuum and 3,000 in air. The force resolution deduced from the measurements is about 8 pN/Hz0.5.

Population sampling for planthoppers, leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae & Cicadellidae) and their predators in flooded rice

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Perfect ◽  
A. G. Cook ◽  
E. R. Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Population Sampling ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Suction Sampler ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Absolute Population

AbstractStudies on the precision levels and efficiencies of available insect suction samplers (D-Vac and FARMCOP) were undertaken in the Philippines to determine the best possible sampling procedure to derive absolute population estimates of delphacids, cicadellids and their predators in flooded rice. The D–Vac suction sampler when used in conjunction with an enclosure placed over the rice hill prior to sampling was found to be the most suitable. The sampling procedure adopted is described in detail, and sampling efficiencies for the D–Vac are given for nymphs and adults of the delphacids and cicadellids and their predators. These values could be used by other workers following the sampling procedures described here on modern rice varieties grown under flooded conditions to achieve absolute population estimates.

Autumnal Habitat Shift of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in a Small River

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Rimmer ◽  
U. Paim ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Absolute Population

Autumnal changes in behavior and distribution of three age-classes of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were determined during 3 yr in the Little Sevogle River of northeastern New Brunswick. In summer, salmon were always observed above the streambed, each holding a station over a single, unshaded stone. About 84% of the entire population occurred in the run habitat-type, 12% in riffles and 5% in pools. Underwater visual censuses showed the salmon to be continuously numerous in summer, but, as soon as water temperature fell to or below 10 °C in autumn, they disappeared from their stations and their visible population decreased by 92–98%. Thereafter, the salmon were found almost exclusively in sheltered substrate chambers beneath surface streambed stones. However, salmon distribution among runs, riffles, and pools (77, 18, and 5%, respectively) did not differ significantly from that in summer. Trapping, marking, and absolute population estimates indicated neither dwindling nor egress of the resident population. Thus, instead of suddenly leaving the river area or moving to another habitat-type at low temperatures, the salmon merely moved from their unsheltered summer stations to sheltered winter stations within the streambed. The results indicate the importance of winter habitat management in managing juvenile Atlantic salmon populations.

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