International cooperation in crisis

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-219
Author(s):  
A. J. Kox ◽  
H. F. Schatz
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Slow Process ◽  
World War ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
International Scientific Cooperation

Chapter 11 deals with the slow process of restoring international scientific cooperation after the end of the World War, highlighting the Dutch role and Lorentz’s untiring efforts in the various, at first unsuccessful attempts to include German scientists in international scientific cooperative bodies. In particular, his important role as member and later chairman of the commission for international intellectual cooperation of the League of Nations (CICI) is discussed.

Mandates

1928 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Arnold D. McNair
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Private Law ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
Mandate System

The method adopted at the end of the World War for dealing with the colonies and territories of Germany and Turkey which it was decided to detach from them is known as the mandate system, and is embodied in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which is an integral part of the treaties of peace with Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Hungary. Under this system these detached territories are not in the owner-ship of any State, but are entrusted to certain States called ‘Mandatory States’ to administer on behalf of the League upon the conditions laid down in written agreements called mandates between the League and each mandatory. The system, which was proposed by General Smuts, is a novelty in International Law, and although the term ‘mandate’ suggests certain analogies in private law, it is doubtful whether much practical help in the understanding and application of the system can be derived from these sources.

Tautai

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Indigenous Resistance ◽  
World Government ◽  
Pacific History ◽  
The World

This is a biography of Ta’isi O. F. Nelson, the Sāmoan nationalist leader who fought New Zealand, the British Empire and the League of Nations between the world wars. It is a richly layered history that weaves a personal and Pacific history with one that illuminates the global crisis of empire after World War One. Ta’isi’s story weaves Sweden with deep histories of Sāmoa that in the late nineteenth century became deeply inflected with colonial machinations of Germany, Britain, New Zealand and the U. S.. After Sāmoa was made a mandate of the League of Nations in 1921, the workings and aspirations of that newly minted form of world government came to bear on the island nation and Ta’isi and his fellow Sāmoan tested the League’s powers through their relentless non-violent campaign for justice. Ta’isi was Sāmoa’s leading businessman who was blamed for the on-going agitation in Sāmoa; for his trouble he was subjected to two periods of exile, humiliation and a concerted campaign intent on his financial ruin. Using many new sources, this book tells Ta’isi’s untold story, providing fresh and intriguing new aspects to the global story of indigenous resistance in the twentieth century.

Sovereignty at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard V. Smith
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Great Power ◽  
World War ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The World ◽  
Paris Peace Conference

We have long known that the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 “failed” in the sense that it did not prevent the outbreak of World War II. This book investigates not whether the conference succeeded or failed, but the historically specific international system it created. It explores the rules under which that system operated, and the kinds of states and empires that inhabited it. Deepening the dialogue between history and international relations theory makes it possible to think about sovereignty at the conference in new ways. Sovereignty in 1919 was about remaking “the world”—not just determining of answers demarcating the international system, but also the questions. Most histories of the Paris Peace Conference stop with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on June 28, 1919. This book considers all five treaties produced by the conference as well as the Treaty of Lausanne with Turkey in 1923. It is organized not chronologically or geographically, but according to specific problems of sovereignty. A peace based on “justice” produced a criminalized Great Power in Germany, and a template problematically applied in the other treaties. The conference as sovereign sought to “unmix” lands and peoples in the defeated multinational empires by drawing boundaries and defining ethnicities. It sought less to oppose revolution than to instrumentalize it. The League of Nations, so often taken as the supreme symbol of the conference’s failure, is better considered as a continuation of the laboratory of sovereignty established in Paris.

The Compost Wars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Popular Audience ◽  
First World

After the death of Gabrielle Howard from cancer, Albert married her sister Louise. Louise had been pressured to leave Cambridge as a classics lecturer as a result of her pro-peace writings during the First World War. After working for Virginia Wolf, she then worked for the League of Nations in Geneva. Louise was herself an expert on labor and agriculture, and helped Albert write for a popular audience. Albert Howard toured plantations around the world advocating the Indore Method. After the publication of the Agricultural Testament (1943), Albert Howard focused on popularizing his work among gardeners and increasingly connected his composting methods to issues of human health.

scholarly journals Smallpox eradication, laboratory visits, and a touch of tourism: travel notes of a Canadian scientist in Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 777-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Palmer ◽  
Gilberto Hochman ◽  
Danieli Arbex
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
The World ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
International Scientific Cooperation

The paper presents and discusses the travel notes diary of Canadian scientist Robert J. Wilson when he visited Brazil in April 1967 during the Smallpox Eradication Programme run by the World Health Organisation. Wilson's report makes it possible to reflect on the smallpox eradication campaign in Brazil; on the Canada-Brazil cooperation to improve the quality of the smallpox vaccine; on his assessment by of scientists and Brazilian laboratories; on the effects of intersections between scientific activity and social and cultural activities; on the role played by specialist communities of experts role in international scientific cooperation projects; and on a Canadian traveller's concepts and prejudices about Brazil at the end of the 1960s.

scholarly journals Coal and Colonialism: Production Relations in an Indian Coalfield, c. 1895–1947

1996 ◽  
Vol 41 (S4) ◽  
pp. 83-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Simeon
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Jharia Coalfield ◽  
The World ◽  
Production Relations ◽  
Underground Fire ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
Deep Source

The year 1995 marked the centenary of the exploitation of a 400 squarekilometre tract in the Indian province of Bihar known as the Jharia coalfield. From 1895, when rail lines entered the region, until the end of the World War I, coal output in India increased tenfold and the size of the mines' workforce fivefold. By 1907 Jharia was yielding half of India's output. One of its oldest mines was Khas Jharia, which worked a 260-feet deep source. Thirty-four years after it opened, its surface had merged with the outskirts of Jharia township and restrictions were imposed on the dimensions of its galleries. Despite these, Khas Jharia's pillars collapsed on 8 November 1930 causing an 18-feet deep subsidence and widespread destruction. This incident was the proximate cause of an underground fire which rages to this day.

scholarly journals Analyzing Musical Terminology in Slovene Music Textbooks up until the End of World War II: a case study of the term “note” and some other related terms

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-138
Author(s):  
Jelena Grazio
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
End Of The World

The following article deals with technical terminology in the field of music. Its intention is to present a chronological-contrastive analysis of musical terminology in Slovene music theory textbooks written up until the end of the World War II, exemplified by the terms selected. The author emphasizes the importance of such research for musicology, presents current contributions in this area and describes the history of musical textbooks that have been used as corpus for the analysis.

scholarly journals Najambitniejszy film Wima Wendersa [Wim Wenders’ Most Ambitious Film]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Waniek
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Slow Process ◽  
Critical Response ◽  
Wim Wenders ◽  
Research Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Large Project ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
Film Genres

Wim Wenders’ Most Ambitious FilmUntil the End of the World by Wim Wenders was a large project. This essay discusses the slow process of the film’s creation, its distribution, its content and critical response, in order to point at failure as the question key to each of those topics. Purpose, success, resolution, ending, the end of the world – those notions appear either irrelevant or impossible in the context of this film. The research material consists mainly of reviews and director’s comments. Content analysis displays many references to classic film genres, references which, however, prove dysfunctional. An important theme of the movie is wandering. This is a recurring motif in Wenders’s work, which some interpretations derive from the identity-seeking typical of his generation. In his case, this search is often expressed by crossing state borders. Central Europe is nevertheless poorly represented in his work.Najambitniejszy film Wima WendersaAż na koniec świata w reżyserii Wima Wendersa to wielkie filmowe przedsięwzięcie. Tekst omawia powolny proces powstawania filmu, historię jego dystrybucji, treść i recepcję, by wskazać na niepowodzenie jako kwestię kluczową dla każdej z tych sfer. Celowość, sukces, rozwiązanie akcji, zakończenie, koniec świata – te pojęcia w kontekście omawianego filmu jawią się jako nieistotne lub niemożliwe. Główny materiał badawczy stanowią recenzje oraz wypowiedzi reżysera. Analiza treści wykazuje obecność licznych odniesień do klasycznych gatunków filmowych, które jednak okazują się dysfunkcyjne. Ważnym tematem filmu jest błądzenie, tułaczka. To motywy powracające w twórczości Wendersa, co czasem interpretuje się jako efekt poszukiwań tożsamości właściwych jego pokoleniu. W przypadku reżysera poszukiwania te wiążą się z częstym przekraczaniem państwowych granic. Nieliczne są jednak w jego twórczości i refleksji odniesienia do Europy Środkowej.

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