scholarly journals The Emergence of the Drive Concept and the Collapse of the Animal/ Human Divide

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Katsafanas
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Philosophical Study ◽  
Ethical Theories ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
Human Essence ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Explanatory Concept ◽  
The Way

The focal point of this chapter is the notion of “drive” (Trieb), akin to “instinct,” which becomes a primary explanatory concept in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, especially in the work of Blumenbach, Spencer, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. Drive plays a central role in three distinct areas: embryology, ethology, and metaphysics. In embryology, it describes a force, inaccessible in itself but whose results are visible and susceptible to scientific and philosophical study, governing organic development. In ethology, drives are the sources of seemingly deliberate, highly articulated, yet nonconscious activities, which are directed at ends of which the animal is ignorant. In metaphysics, drive describes the human essence. This chapter focuses on the way in which the emergence of the drive concept undermines the idea that there is a sharp distinction between humans and animals, and concludes by examining how the blurring of this line reshapes ethical theories.

scholarly journals Sproglige kategoriseringer af småbørn

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Holm
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
Linguistic Categorization ◽  
Academic Discourses ◽  
The Way

ResuméFormelle institutionelle kategoriseringer af småbørns sproglige udvikling analyseres i denne artikel dels som et udtryk for bestemte teoretiske positioner og faglige traditioner i måden at betragte sprog og sproglig udvikling på, og dels som normative faglige og politiske perspektiver på, hvordan børns sproglige udvikling bør forstås og forløbe. En analyse af de skiftende kategoriseringer udgør derfor et produktivt omdrejningspunkt for at belyse centrale udviklingsprocesser i rammesætningen af det sprogpædagogiske arbejde i dagtilbud. I artiklen identificeres tre forskellige tilgange til sproglig kategorisering af småbørn inden for dagtilbudsområdet. Artiklen trækker bredt på analyser af lovgivning, faglige diskurser, sproglige testmaterialer og på fremtrædende, nyere programmer og koncepter, der sigter mod at udvikle småbørns sprog. AbstractIn this article, formal institutional categorizations of young children’s language development are analyzed in two ways. Partly as an expression of certain theoretical positions and academic traditions in the way language and language development are considered, and partly as a normative academic and political perspective on how children’s language development should be understood and proceed. Therefore an analysis of the changing categorizations of young children’s language development is a productive focal point to highlight key development processes around the framing of the language work in day care. The article identifies three different approaches to linguistic categorization of young children in day care drawing broadly on analyzes of legislation, academic discourses, linguistic test materials and prominent, newer programs and concepts that aim to develop young children’s language.

scholarly journals Helyettesítő áldozat

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Széplaky
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
The Real ◽  
Abstract Structure ◽  
Real Self ◽  
Second Period ◽  
The Way

The issue of subjectivity became particularly relevant in the second half of Szilárd Borbély’s oeuvre. While his first period in the 1990s is dominated by the poetical power hidden in silence and the unspeakable, the works after 2000 have the characteristics of a closeness between the lyrical self and the real self, the former previously defined as ironical and reserved. These are the results of a fatal tragedy, the deadly attack on his parents, which has become the focal point of Borbély’s individual mythology. The thematisation of subjectivity, however, did not end in the formation of an autoreferential horizon. Instead, the poet created a net of meanings where the events of his own life are blended together with the Christian narrative of salvation, different myths, literary and philosphical parables. In my paper I investigate the way the personal and abstract structure of the lyrical self is represented in the subsitute sacrifice as a form of identity and in the theological and metaphysical topos of eternity, both of which being the defining motifs of Borbély’s second period.

Du dictionnaire chinois-latin de Basilio Brollo aux lexiques pour le marché: deux siècles d’édition du chinois en Italie et en France

T oung Pao ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 101 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 363-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Bussotti
Keyword(s):  
Economic Resources ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Teaching Chinese ◽  
Printing Techniques ◽  
Cultural Transfers ◽  
The Way

By their very nature, multilingual dictionaries and lexicons are an emblem of cultural transfers. When printing widely different types of writing is necessary, they may also be precious witnesses of technical transfers and innovations in publishing and printing practice. Successfully publishing a major dictionary requires the conjunction of institutional or governmental will and adequate economic resources. This article provides an overview of the various versions of Basilio Brollo’s Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum, which served as a blueprint for several publishing projects, most of them abortive, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It introduces the various printing techniques used in these attempts, and discusses the mixed results of the editorial programs pursued in Europe, particularly in Italy and France. The Napoleonic period is significant not just because a Dictionnaire chinois, français et latin was published in Paris in 1813, but also because of the work carried out at the Collegio dei Cinese during the “French Decade” (1806–1815) in Naples. The article introduces several protagonists—both scholars concerned with publishing and teaching Chinese and publishers pursuing commercial interests—along the way.
Par leur contenu même les dictionnaires et lexiques plurilingues sont emblématiques des transferts culturels. La nécessité d’imprimer des écritures très différentes en fait parfois de précieux témoins des transferts techniques et des innovations dans les pratiques d’édition et d’impression. Concernant les dictionnaires les plus importants, l’aboutissement d’une publication nécessite la concomitance d’une volonté institutionnelle ou étatique et de moyens économiques adéquats. Cet article donne un aperçu des différentes versions du Dictionarium Sinico-Latinum de Basilio Brollo, qui fut à la base de plusieurs projets d’édition, la plupart inaboutis, aux xviiie et xixe siècles. Il évoque les différentes techniques d’impression utilisées dans ces tentatives, ainsi que les résultats très inégaux des programmes éditoriaux menés en Europe, notamment en Italie et en France. La période napoléonienne est significative non seulement en raison de la parution à Paris en 1813 du Dictionnaire chinois, français et latin, mais aussi à cause des travaux entrepris au Collegio dei Cinesi pendant la “décennie française” à Naples (1806–1815). Plusieurs protagonistes — savants soucieux de l’édition et de l’enseignement du chinois, éditeurs mus par des motivations commerciales — sont évoqués en cours de route.


Understanding the Properties of “Numbers”

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Katz ◽  
Karen Hunger Parshall
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Algebraic Systems ◽  
Modern Algebra ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Way

This chapter looks at how mathematicians sought to understand the properties of “numbers” and in doing so pave the way for modern algebra. As mathematicians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries struggled to understand what Fermat's alleged proof of his so-called “last theorem” might have been, they, as well as others motivated by issues other than Fermat's work, eventually came to extend the notion of “number.” And, they did this in much the same spirit that Évariste Galois had extended that of “domain of rationality” or field, that is, through the creation and analysis of whole new types of algebraic systems. This freedom to create and explore new systems—and new algebraic constructs like the determinants and matrices that were encountered in the previous chapter—became one of the hallmarks of the modern algebra that developed into the twentieth century.

Michael Haneke: Glaciation, Legitimacy and Transgression

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-162
Author(s):  
Simon Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the extreme cinema of Michael Haneke. Whilst increasingly well covered in scholarly accounts of extreme art cinema, Haneke’s work is most often approached from an aesthetic and thematic point of view, wherein the text becomes the focal point. While these studies are key to understanding Haneke’s films, and the metaphorical significance he places on scenes of brutalism and sex, it has left certain areas underexplored. This chapter addresses this by undertaking detailed paratextual analysis of Haneke’s key extreme films. Firstly, the chapter focuses upon Funny Games, the most critically disliked Haneke film. Looking first at Tartan Video’s release before discussing Artificial Eye’s remediation, the chapter highlights the important role time can play in defining the commercial validity of extremity. Showing how the growing status of Haneke’s auteur brand challenged the use extreme iconography, the chapter alludes to the ways highbrow commercial symbols compete with lowbrow traits. Thereafter, the chapter undertakes an assessment of Artificial Eye’s ‘Michael Haneke Trilogy’. This example – due the centralisation of a dead pig on the cover – exposes the way paratexts can oppose critical and cultural canonisation.

Making Advice Modern

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Julie Golia
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Conduct Books ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Way

From early periodicals to conduct books, advice in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries was largely a one-way transmission from advice giver to receiver. It also served conservative ends, reinforcing traditional gender roles to wide audiences, and soothing male anxieties about cultural change. But transformations in media and in American culture at the end of the nineteenth century paved the way for a new and strikingly modern paradigm of advice—one that was interactive, public, flexible in topic and form, and woman-centered. This chapter offers an overview of the rise of the advice column and frames its genesis in the context of the changing newspaper and advertising industries.

Ubuntu/Botho and Democracy in the Traditional Tswana Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Mavis B. Mhlauli ◽  
Philip Bulawa
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Community Forum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This chapter discusses how Ubuntu is manifested through democracy within the Tswana traditional society. It contends that democracy in the Tswana traditional society was not a new concept. From time immemorial, Batswana have practiced a unique form of democracy that was based on the Tswana cultures. This hybrid form of democracy though different from liberal democracy as understood today has served the Batswana over the years. The kgotla as a community forum continues to be the focal point for exemplifying the relationship between democracy and Ubuntu. It further suggests that the way democracy is taught in schools should be aligned to how it is practiced in the society.

Ibn Tufayl, Abu Bakr Muhammad (before 1110–85)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shams C. Inati
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Experience Of God ◽  
Religious Truth ◽  
Blank Slate ◽  
The Way

Ibn Tufayl’s thought can be captured in his only extant work, Hayy Ibn Yaqzan (The Living Son of the Vigilant), a philosophical treatise in a charming literary form. It relates the story of human knowledge, as it rises from a blank slate to a mystical or direct experience of God after passing through the necessary natural experiences. The focal point of the story is that human reason, unaided by society and its conventions or by religion, can achieve scientific knowledge, preparing the way to the mystical or highest form of human knowledge. The story also seeks to show that, while religious truth is the same as that of philosophy, the former is conveyed through symbols, which are suitable for the understanding of the multitude, and the latter is conveyed in its inner meanings apart from any symbolism. Since people have different capacities of understanding that require the use of different instruments, there is no point in trying to convey the truth to people except through means suitable for their understanding.

Drawings of Antiquities in the Society's Albums c 1750–1860

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 365-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Way

Now that the cataloguing and digitization of the drawings of archaeological artefacts in the Society's albums is nearing completion, an overview of a few of the highlights can be offered to illustrate the range of material and the way it has been used by scholars in recent years to reassess the provenance and significance of some of the most important finds of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The role of the Society and its artists in producing this archive is considered with reference to the Minutes of the Council.

Primary, secondary and tertiary syntypes and virtual lectotype designation in zoological nomenclature, with comments on the recent designation of a lectotype for Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758

Bionomina ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Dubois ◽  
André Nemésio ◽  
Roger Bour
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Way

The role of primary, secondary and tertiary syntypes in solving nomenclatural problems, especially those related to old nomina from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, is discussed. The very useful but rarely implemented procedure of designating virtual lectotypes, i.e., specimens that can be traced as belonging to the original syntypic series but currently non-extant (e.g., lost, destroyed, misplaced, or originally being a live animal of which only an illustration remains), is here highlighted as potentially opening the way for a neotype designation that better suits stability in zoological nomenclature. This is particularly true when mixed syntypic series, i.e., those comprising specimens belonging to more than one species, are involved. We illustrate the advantages of this procedure by showing that a secondary syntype of Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758, although currently missing, would have been a better candidate to lectotype designation than the still available specimen actually selected recently as the lectotype of this species based on molecular data. We welcome the use of molecular data to solve nomenclatural problems, but point out that a thorough knowledge of the International Code of zoological Nomenclature is essential if the best decisions are to be taken.

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