Ibn Tufayl, Abu Bakr Muhammad (before 1110–85)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shams C. Inati
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Experience Of God ◽  
Religious Truth ◽  
Blank Slate ◽  
The Way

Ibn Tufayl’s thought can be captured in his only extant work, Hayy Ibn Yaqzan (The Living Son of the Vigilant), a philosophical treatise in a charming literary form. It relates the story of human knowledge, as it rises from a blank slate to a mystical or direct experience of God after passing through the necessary natural experiences. The focal point of the story is that human reason, unaided by society and its conventions or by religion, can achieve scientific knowledge, preparing the way to the mystical or highest form of human knowledge. The story also seeks to show that, while religious truth is the same as that of philosophy, the former is conveyed through symbols, which are suitable for the understanding of the multitude, and the latter is conveyed in its inner meanings apart from any symbolism. Since people have different capacities of understanding that require the use of different instruments, there is no point in trying to convey the truth to people except through means suitable for their understanding.

Language and Outer Space

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Laura Carmen Cuțitaru
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Way

Abstract The 2016 much acclaimed American sci-fi movie Arrival is based on (what is in reality an extension of) the so-called “Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis, a linguistic theory set forth in the first half of the 20th century, according to which one’s native language dictates the way in which one perceives reality. By taking into account the latest in human knowledge, this paper tries to provide arguments as to why such a claim works wonderfully in fiction, but not in science.

Knowing by Doing: The Role of Geometrical Practice in Aristotle’s Theory of Knowledge

Elenchos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Ugaglia
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
General Process ◽  
The Real ◽  
Analogical Model ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Abstract Aristotle’s way of conceiving the relationship between mathematics and other branches of scientific knowledge is completely different from the way a contemporary scientist conceives it. This is one of the causes of the fact that we look at the mathematical passages we find in Aristotle’s works with the wrong expectation. We expect to find more or less stringent proofs, while for the most part Aristotle employs mere analogies. Indeed, this is the primary function of mathematics when employed in a philosophical context: not a demonstrative tool, but a purely analogical model. In the case of the geometrical examples discussed in this paper, the diagrams are not conceived as part of a formalized proof, but as a work in progress. Aristotle is not interested in the final diagram but in the construction viewed in its process of development; namely in the figure a geometer draws, and gradually modifies, when he tries to solve a problem. The way in which the geometer makes use of the elements of his diagram, and the relation between these elements and his inner state of knowledge is the real feature which interests Aristotle. His goal is to use analogy in order to give the reader an idea of the states of mind involved in a more general process of knowing.

Aristotle’s Definition of Scientific Knowledge (APo 71b 9–12)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Angioni
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Posterior Analytics ◽  
Way Of Knowing ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Way

In Posterior Analytics 71b9–12, we find Aristotle’s definition of scientific knowledge. The definiens is taken to have only two informative parts: scientific knowledge must be knowledge of the cause and its object must be necessary. However, there is also a contrast between the definiendum and a sophistic way of knowing, which is marked by the expression “kata sumbebekos”. Not much attention has been paid to this contrast. In this paper, I discuss Aristotle’s definition paying due attention to this contrast and to the way it interacts with the two conditions presented in the definiens. I claim that the “necessity” condition ammounts to explanatory appropriateness of the cause.

scholarly journals Vatersehnsucht. Botho Strauß erzählt sich seine Herkunft

2017 ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Andrzej Denka
Keyword(s):  
Literary Form ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Narrative Fragments ◽  
Point Of Reference ◽  
The Way

Botho Strauß (b. 1944), German playwright, novelist and essayist, devotes his book Herkunft [Origin] (2014) to a subtle portrait of his slightly underestimated father, who died in 1971. This sample of prose is typical of Strauss as it encompasses meditative descriptions, disquisitions, aphorisms and narrative fragments. This narration contains numerous biographical details about his father, as well as his mother and the writer himself, and it tells us a lot about his youth and cultural maturation. Strauss’ hometown, Bad Ems, provides a certain topographic point of reference here. This is a highly personal and emotional text which simultaneously exhibits all esthetic properties that characterize Strauss’ style. This text is also about the way different sensory stimuli incite our memory and how difficult it is to find a literary form adequate to reconstruct memory.

scholarly journals Reflexivity of Modernity: Conceptualizing Modernity in Contemporary Pakistan during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Bilal Asmat Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Crucial Feature ◽  
Anthony Giddens ◽  
The Way

This article utilizes Anthony Giddens' concept of 'the reflexivity of modernity' to account for the dichotomy of traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge in the Pakistani context during the outbreak of COVID-19. It analyzes the concept of reflexivity as a form of criticism of irrationality and critiques notions of certainty. This article analyzes the concept of modernity endorsed by tradition in general, and by society in particular. Modernity is a constant process of interpreting and reinterpreting tradition in the light of knowledge at any given point of time. It also argues that pre-modern society refuses to reflect upon the nature of reflection itself. Self-reflexivity is the most crucial feature of modernity. The article views Pakistan as a society where reflexivity is not a part of contemporary culture, and it struggles to accept modernity. The article argues that modernity is intrinsically sociological, and contemporary Pakistani society shows resistance to modernity.  It also states that the appropriation of scientific knowledge is not made homogeneously in contemporary Pakistan during COVID-19. Pakistani society is predominantly influenced by religious discourse, which does not believe in self-reflexivity. The study will pave the way to employ the theory of reflexivity to analyze and interpret literary texts in terms of sociological perspectives.

scholarly journals Hope found, hope lost – eschatological aspects in the interpretations of Israelites’ wilderness wanderings. Two sides of one story: Origen’s 27. Homily on the Book of Numbers and Jerome’s Letter 78

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 727-742
Author(s):  
Marcin Wysocki
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Growth ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rich Picture ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
The Future ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Allegorical Interpretation ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Way

The writings of Origen and Jerome, which are the source of the article, al­though in a different literary form – a homily and a letter – and written for a diffe­rent purpose and at different times, both are exegesis of the chapter 33 of the Book of Numbers in which the stops of the Israelites in the desert on the road to the Promised Land are described. Both texts are the classic examples of allegorical interpretation of the Scripture. Both authors interpret the 42 “stages” of Israel’s wilderness wanderings above all as God’s roadmap for the spiritual growth of individual believers, but there are present as well eschatological elements in their interpretations. In the presented paper there are shown these eschatological ideas of both authors included in their interpretations of the wandering of the Chosen People on their way to the Promised Land, sources of their interpretations, simi­larities and differences, and the dependence of Jerome on Origen in the interpre­tation of the stages, with the focuse on the idea of realized eschatology, present in Alexandrinian’s work. Origen has presented in his interpretation a very rich picture of the future hope, but Jerome almost nothing mentioned in his letter about hopes of the way towards God after death.

scholarly journals AQAID AL-KHAMSINA MENURUT AHLUSSUNNAH WAL JAMA’AH

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adenan Adenan ◽  
Ismet Sari ◽  
Sutan M. Arfierdin Pohan
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
The Way

<p><em>The rise of evil that existed in this period began from free association, abuse of drugs, theft and others. The moral deterioration is very much happening and the way to cope with it is by deepening the science of religion, which is with a lot of scientific knowledge of Tauhid. The science of Tauhid is a science that discusses the attributes of Allah SWT and his Messenger or called Aqaid Al-Khamsina. By studying the science of Tauhid can certainly reduce the number of criminality because by learning the science of Tauhid means a person's behavior will be much better. This research aims to determine the meaning of Aqaid Al-Khamsina and the explanation of each of these qualities. This research is included in Library research.  Primary data sources include the book by Imam Muhammad bin as-Sanusi named Umm al-Barahin, the publisher city of Kediri, the publisher name Santri Salaf Press, in the year 2015 and the book of Sheikh Muhammad Al-Fudholi named Kifayatul Awam, the publisher of Surabaya, the name of publisher Mutiara Ilmu, in the year 2018.  The secondary sources are books related to Aqaid Al-Khamsina, which is a book by Siradjuddin Abbas named I'itiqad Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah, a book by Abu Fikri Ihsani called Encyclopedia of Allah, a book by Imam Abil Izz Al-Hanafi named Tahdzib Syarah Aqidah Thahawiyah. In analyzing this research researchers use the Content analysis method (content analysis) is by means of drawing conclusions from several references that have been chosen, compared and combined.  The results of the research obtained is that Aqaid Al-Khamsina is a nature of Allah SWT and its Apostles that if in total there is 50 consisting of 20 mandatory nature of God, 20 impossibly god nature, 1 Jaiz nature, 4 mandatory nature of the Apostle, 4 the odds of the Apostle and 1 character Jaiz apostle. All of our mandatory qualities are known and Imani as the perfection of the creed.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah, Aqaid Al-Khamsina, Akidah, Tauhid.</em></p>

scholarly journals Sproglige kategoriseringer af småbørn

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Holm
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Political Perspective ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
Linguistic Categorization ◽  
Academic Discourses ◽  
The Way

ResuméFormelle institutionelle kategoriseringer af småbørns sproglige udvikling analyseres i denne artikel dels som et udtryk for bestemte teoretiske positioner og faglige traditioner i måden at betragte sprog og sproglig udvikling på, og dels som normative faglige og politiske perspektiver på, hvordan børns sproglige udvikling bør forstås og forløbe. En analyse af de skiftende kategoriseringer udgør derfor et produktivt omdrejningspunkt for at belyse centrale udviklingsprocesser i rammesætningen af det sprogpædagogiske arbejde i dagtilbud. I artiklen identificeres tre forskellige tilgange til sproglig kategorisering af småbørn inden for dagtilbudsområdet. Artiklen trækker bredt på analyser af lovgivning, faglige diskurser, sproglige testmaterialer og på fremtrædende, nyere programmer og koncepter, der sigter mod at udvikle småbørns sprog. AbstractIn this article, formal institutional categorizations of young children’s language development are analyzed in two ways. Partly as an expression of certain theoretical positions and academic traditions in the way language and language development are considered, and partly as a normative academic and political perspective on how children’s language development should be understood and proceed. Therefore an analysis of the changing categorizations of young children’s language development is a productive focal point to highlight key development processes around the framing of the language work in day care. The article identifies three different approaches to linguistic categorization of young children in day care drawing broadly on analyzes of legislation, academic discourses, linguistic test materials and prominent, newer programs and concepts that aim to develop young children’s language.

scholarly journals Helyettesítő áldozat

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Széplaky
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
The Real ◽  
Abstract Structure ◽  
Real Self ◽  
Second Period ◽  
The Way

The issue of subjectivity became particularly relevant in the second half of Szilárd Borbély’s oeuvre. While his first period in the 1990s is dominated by the poetical power hidden in silence and the unspeakable, the works after 2000 have the characteristics of a closeness between the lyrical self and the real self, the former previously defined as ironical and reserved. These are the results of a fatal tragedy, the deadly attack on his parents, which has become the focal point of Borbély’s individual mythology. The thematisation of subjectivity, however, did not end in the formation of an autoreferential horizon. Instead, the poet created a net of meanings where the events of his own life are blended together with the Christian narrative of salvation, different myths, literary and philosphical parables. In my paper I investigate the way the personal and abstract structure of the lyrical self is represented in the subsitute sacrifice as a form of identity and in the theological and metaphysical topos of eternity, both of which being the defining motifs of Borbély’s second period.

Michael Haneke: Glaciation, Legitimacy and Transgression

2018 ◽  
pp. 139-162
Author(s):  
Simon Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Art Cinema ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the extreme cinema of Michael Haneke. Whilst increasingly well covered in scholarly accounts of extreme art cinema, Haneke’s work is most often approached from an aesthetic and thematic point of view, wherein the text becomes the focal point. While these studies are key to understanding Haneke’s films, and the metaphorical significance he places on scenes of brutalism and sex, it has left certain areas underexplored. This chapter addresses this by undertaking detailed paratextual analysis of Haneke’s key extreme films. Firstly, the chapter focuses upon Funny Games, the most critically disliked Haneke film. Looking first at Tartan Video’s release before discussing Artificial Eye’s remediation, the chapter highlights the important role time can play in defining the commercial validity of extremity. Showing how the growing status of Haneke’s auteur brand challenged the use extreme iconography, the chapter alludes to the ways highbrow commercial symbols compete with lowbrow traits. Thereafter, the chapter undertakes an assessment of Artificial Eye’s ‘Michael Haneke Trilogy’. This example – due the centralisation of a dead pig on the cover – exposes the way paratexts can oppose critical and cultural canonisation.

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