Beginning of an Era: The First Blockbuster Drug, Tagamet

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Jack Li
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Garden City ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of ◽  
Blockbuster Drug

Tagamet emerged as the first blockbuster drug when its sales exceeded $1 billion in 1986, three years after its introduction to the market. An anti–peptic ulcer drug, Tagamet was discovered by James W. Black and his colleagues at Smith Kline & French’s (SK&F) British subsidiary in Welwyn Garden City. Before Tagamet, SK&F was a little-known U.S. drug firm in Philadelphia. After Tagamet, SK&F became one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. The history of Tagamet is one of the most extraordinary in the annals of medicine. It is a saga of a drug that almost escaped detection because the research efforts that began in 1964 did not seem to produce results within the first 11 years! Smith Kline started as a humble drug store in Philadelphia in 1830. During the American Civil War, Smith Kline was founded as a small apothecary by two physicians, John K. Smith and John Gilbert on North Second Street. Not only was Philadelphia the birthplace of the United States of America, it was also the cradle of American pharmacy. Wyeth, McNeil, Rorer, and Warner-Lambert all trace their origins to small drug stores established there during the Civil War. In the 1880s, Mahlon N. Kline led the company into research and manufacturing of its own products. In 1891, it absorbed French, Richards & Co. founded by Harry B. French, creating Smith Kline & French. After its establishment, the company slowly expanded its inventory. By the 1920s, it had some 15,000 products ranging from aspirin to liniment. Their Eskay’s Albumenized Food was highly popular as a digestible food for infants and the disabled. Later, the company did very well with Eskay’s Tablets for Seasickness. Its specialty, Eskay’s Neurophosphates, a nerve tonic, soothed millions of people at home and abroad. In 1929, Smith Kline & French Laboratories was created to devote itself solely to research and development (R&D). During the Great Depression year of 1936, the company stepped up its efforts in R&D (in a recent contrast, many pharmaceutical companies stepped down their R&D investments during the last recession of 2008).

Resuscitation and Surgery for Soldiers of the American Civil War (1861–1865)

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Watson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
United States Army ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The North ◽  
Surgical History ◽  
History Of

On June 2, 1862, William A. Hammond, Surgeon General of the United States Army, announced the intention of his office to collect material for the publication of a “Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861–1865)” (1), usually called the Civil War of the United States of America, or the War Between the Union (the North; the Federal Government) and the Confederacy of the Southern States. Forms for the monthly “Returns of Sick and Wounded” were reviewed, corrected and useful data compiled from these “Returns” and from statistics of the offices of the Adjutant General (payroll) and Quartermaster General (burial of decreased soldiers).

Extended Assistive Technology

2015 ◽  
pp. 173-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Tran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Human Computer Interfaces ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the history of technology and its founding purposes. The evolution of technology resulted in the creation and development of assistive technology. The impact of interactivity of human-computer interfaces on independence, employment, and organizations is analyzed and addressed in relations to disabilities. The utilization of assistive technology, in the disabled community, as well as in relations to the independence of the disabled are covered via the paradigms of assistive technology trainer and job developer for the disabled in the United States of America—capital of technology—Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Cisco Systems—and capital of assistive technology.

scholarly journals Fluctuations of the Nisqually Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Washington, since 1750

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (19) ◽  
pp. 675-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Maximum Extension ◽  
Recent Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

AbstractA history of the fluctuations of the Nisqually Glacier on the southern slope of Mt. Rainier, Washington, including the period of increased glacial activity during the last ten years, indicates that a number of minor advances have occurred since the maximum extension of the ice about 1750. These new data on glacial activity in the United States of America should be useful in examining the idea of synchronism in glacial behavior in different regions of the world. In addition, photographs of the changes in the Nisqually Glacier during the last four years indicate the magnitude of the recent increase in glacial activity in this country.

scholarly journals Art and Freedom

1970 ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Rose Ghurayyib
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
South Asian ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Women And Children

History tells us that slavery existed from early times in ancient Mesopotamia, Pharaonic Egypt, ancient Greece and other cradles of civilization. It continued throughout the Middle Ages and the modem period, during which it diminished, beginning in the United States of America with the Civil War (1861-1865) that abolished black slavery. Although the efforts of the United Nations has somewhat succeeded in eradicating this evil in other parts of the world, slavery continues to exist in a variety of forms such as the trafficking of women and children in Thailand, India, south Asian and other countries in the world.

September 11, Anti-Terror Laws and Civil Liberties: Britain, France and Germany Compared

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Haubrich
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
The United States ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Threat Perception ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe attacks on the United States of America in September 2001 have spurred a rapid implementation of new Anti-Terrorism legislation around the world. In an effort to, ostensibly, safeguard against the repetition of similar events on their own territories, many democracies have taken far-reaching legislative steps that might threaten the ideal of liberty on which their societies have traditionally been built. This article examines the laws introduced in Britain, France and Germany to establish the extent to which civil liberties in eight different categories have been curtailed. It concludes that, despite the otherwise similar characteristics of the countries studied, the legal provisions differ significantly in scope and depth, a fact that might be explained by: the different levels of threat perception; Britain's history of anti-terror legislation; and the respective power balances between judiciaries and legislatures.

Extended Assistive Technology

2016 ◽  
pp. 223-253
Author(s):  
Ben Tran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Computer Interfaces ◽  
Human Computer Interfaces ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the history of technology and its founding purposes. The evolution of technology resulted in the creation and development of assistive technology. The impact of interactivity of human-computer interfaces on independence, employment, and organizations is analyzed and addressed in relations to disabilities. The utilization of assistive technology, in the disabled community, as well as in relations to the independence of the disabled are covered via the paradigms of assistive technology trainer and job developer for the disabled in the United States of America—capital of technology—Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Cisco Systems—and capital of assistive technology.

Assistive Technology

2014 ◽  
pp. 320-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Tran
Keyword(s):  
Assistive Technology ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Americans With Disabilities Act ◽  
The United States ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
Reasonable Accommodations ◽  
Microsoft Corporation ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolution Of Technology

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the history of motor disabled assistive technology. Specifically, this chapter will cover motor disability and the history of assistive technology related to motor disability. As such, this chapter will also include the evolution of technology and its components, resulting in the creation and development of assistive technology. Assistive technology will be defined and analyzed, the history of disabilities will be covered, and the history of motor disability will be discussed. Reasonable accommodations, based on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), in relations to the utilization of assistive technology, in the disabled community, as well as in relations to the independence of the disabled will be covered via the paradigms of assistive technology trainer and job developer for the disabled in the United States of America—capital of technology—Google, Inc., Yahoo! Inc., Microsoft Corporation, Cisco Systems, Inc.—and capital of assistive technology.

scholarly journals Karl Marx and the Global History of the Civil War: The Slave Movement, Working-Class Struggle, and the American State within the World Market

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 158-185
Author(s):  
Matteo Battistini
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Class Struggle ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Global History ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
American State

AbstractThis essay stitches together the fragments of Marx's work on the United States that are scattered in newspaper articles, letters, notes, in some digressions in his early writings, in his economic manuscripts and in Capital (1867). The main aim is to show that what we can call a “global history of the Civil War” emerges from his pen: a history that is global not simply in a geographical sense, that is, because it expands the European space beyond the Atlantic and towards the Pacific, but also because of the general meaning it takes on in the history of capitalism. The essay highlights how the Civil War opened the Marxian issue of emancipation, his vision of class struggle and his view of the working class, to the presence of a black proletariat that interacted with the struggle of the white working classes, the latter of which until then had been the main focus of his work. It also highlights how the different and disarticulated voices of labor – slave and free, black and white – on both sides of the Atlantic effected a revolutionary shift in the Civil War: interjecting a “revolutionary turn” into what we can call the “long constitutional history” of the political conflict between North and South that changed the economic and social shape of the nation. More importantly, the essay reconstructs what can be termed the “state moment,” which was entangled with the “long constitutional history” and the “revolutionary turn” of the Civil War. As the transnational calls for emancipation from slavery and wage labor impacted the transnational processes of accumulation of industrial capital, the American state became a player in the world market: its financial and fiscal policies became socially linked to the government of industrial capital. In this sense, as the essay underlines in the conclusion, the “global history of the Civil War” that Marx effectively drafted, outlined the theoretical and political hypothesis that formed the basis of his mature reflection in the pages of Capital: the “emancipation of labour” should be thought of as a global issue, “neither a local nor a national, but a social problem.”

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