The Early History of Satan

Evil ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
Esther J. Hamori
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Moral Character ◽  
Early History ◽  
Ambiguous Figure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Pure Evil ◽  
The Way

ha-satan (the adversary) is an ambiguous figure in the earliest Hebrew texts. Far from being the malevolent, majestic embodiment of pure evil imagined by Milton, the figure we confront in the Hebrew Bible can sometimes be a source of assistance around the heavenly court. Conversely, and even more surprisingly, Yahweh is depicted in some of these texts as having a moral character that is not wholly good. This Reflection assesses the way the depiction of ha-satan evolves across various parts of the Hebrew Bible, and relates it to the way the character of the devil is depicted in Christianity.

Digital Critics: The Early History of Online Art Criticism

Leonardo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Charlotte Frost
Keyword(s):  
Art Criticism ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Electronic Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Art Production ◽  
Mainstream Press ◽  
The Way

Art critic Jerry Saltz is regarded as a pioneer of online art criticism by the mainstream press, yet the Internet has been used as a platform for art discussion for over 30 years. There have been studies of independent print-based arts publishing, online art production and electronic literature, but there have been no histories of online art criticism. In this article, the author provides an account of the first wave of online art criticism (1980–1995) to document this history and prepare the way for thorough evaluations of the changing form of art criticism after the Internet.

A Shabby Meanness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Early History ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Legal Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
The Way

Chapter One introduces the early history of taxpayer civil rights litigation against segregated and unequal education from the post-Civil War era until the turn of the twentieth century. In these 19th century cases and opinions, there was a continual assertion of a legal identity as taxpayers by families of color, and this chapter traces the way taxpayer citizenship became linked to the idea of a right to education in these families' arguments and claims, and even occasionally in the judges' opinions. Nonetheless, even the victories in many of these segregation cases were in name only, as plaintiffs of color continued to struggle without adequate remedy after courts granted a superficial nod to their taxpayer claims.

Fallen Patriots

Eternal Dawn ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 17-61
Author(s):  
Ryan Gingeras
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Early History ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

No appreciation for the early history of the Turkish Republic can begin without a proper understanding of the origins, desires, and tribulations of the Young Turks. Their era by no means constituted a mere placeholder or prologue to the dramatic events that occurred thereafter. Turkey, as it came to be defined philosophically, was the unintended offspring of this movement. The most profound attributes of Atatürk’s state, its thirst for radical social change, its predilection for chauvinistic nationalism, and its oligarchic structure, descended directly from the Committee of Union and Progress’ approach towards politics. Ultimately, their displacement from the imperial stage allowed for Mustafa Kemal to rise to prominence and paved the way for an altogether new regime.

Psychoanalysts on the Podium: Sándor Ferenczi and Sándor Feldmann in the Hungarian Daily Press

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-226
Author(s):  
Melinda Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of Psychoanalysis ◽  
Sándor Ferenczi ◽  
Daily Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Weekly Press ◽  
The Way

This article uses the example of Hungary to present some ways in which the study of old newspapers can contribute to the early history of psychoanalysis and even change the way we think about it. It explores the presence of various psychoanalysts in selected organs of the Hungarian daily and weekly press before World War II. A search was conducted on ten daily papers and two weekly papers ( Az Est, Budapesti Hírlap, Esti Kurir, Magyar Hírlap, Magyarország, Népszava, Pesti Hírlap, Pesti Napló, Ujság, Világ, Színházi Élet, Tolnai Világlapja) for articles by and interviews with psychoanalysts, with a focus on the main representatives of the two major psychoanalytical societies in Hungary – Sándor Ferenczi for the Hungarian Psychoanalytical Society and Sandor Feldmann for the Hungarian section of the Association of Independent Medical Analysts. One of the goals of this paper is to draw attention to the role that the rival psychoanalytical schools and their societies played in the history of psychoanalysis, without which it would not be as we know it today.

Nicolas of Clairvaux and the Twelfth-Century Sequence with Special Reference to Adam of St. Victor

Traditio ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 149-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Benton
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Modern Drama ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The vast number and variety of sequences, those liturgical interpolations which in the middle ages commonly followed the repetition of the Alleluia in the Mass, and the freedom of their development, show that they were an outlet for the creative talents of musicians and poets. A sample of sequences from successive periods allows the literary historian to trace the development of rhyme and accentual meter, and a musicologist has described the sequence ‘as the parent of oratorio and the grandparent of modern drama.’ But while a view which encompasses centuries reveals to us variety and change, the compositions of any given time were largely shaped by inherited traditions. Not the least value of studies on the early history of the sequence is their demonstration of the close connection between various Alleluia melodies and their sequences and the way in which appropriate texts were fitted to melodies for specific feasts.

The Telecommunications Regime in the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Walden ◽  
Helen Kemmitt ◽  
John Angel
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Early History ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Material Form ◽  
The Way

In a sense the early history of telecommunications begins with the telegraph. Telegraph messages are conveyed over distances but for most of the way they take a non-material form.

Early Greek and Oriental Ivories

1948 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Philostratus relates that Apollonius of Tyana, a sophist of the early Empire, was once at Peiraeus trying to find a passage on a ship sailing for Ionia. The skipper refused to take him, saying that she was a cargo-ship and did not carry passengers. Apollonius then asked of what the cargo consisted, and was told it consisted of statues of the gods, in gold and stone, or gold and ivory. Then there was some bantering, in which Apollonius chaffed the skipper for refusing to take him on board. ‘Are you so ignorant,’ he asked ‘as to drive away like this from your ship philosophers, men for whom the gods have a special fondness, and above all at a time when you are making a business out of the gods? This was not the way they made statues in olden times. They did not canvass the cities selling them the gods. They used to carry nothing but their own hands, their masons' and ivory-workers' tools; provided the raw material and fashioned the works of art in the temples themselves.’From this, then, it appears that in olden times the craftsmen travelled freely about, carrying with them nothing but the secrets of their craft, a few tools and their materials. Apollonius does not say to what period he refers; but what he describes exactly fits the facts in the early history of the ivory craft from the Mycenaean period to the seventh or sixth century B.C., as far as we can make out the facts. In the Mycenaean period, the sites where ivories have been discovered are numerous.

The Early History of Kurdish Studies (1787–1901)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Alsancakli
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Contemporary State ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
The Way ◽  
State Of The Field

The history of Kurdish studies in the period before the 20th century has been neglected. In the few instances where it has been discussed, it was treated as a mere opening act paving the way for later developments. This has led to anachronistic projections of the contemporary state of the field onto the past. Furthermore, the uncontextualized approach generally adopted has not allowed for a critical account of the field’s development and the way it reflected global trends and evolutions. By doing this work of contextualization, this article wishes to provide a better understanding of the way the field developed before the 20th century and to identify the specific characteristics that emerged through this development.


scholarly journals Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles—New Insights into the Early History of Samari(t)an–Jewish Relations

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Benedikt Hensel
Keyword(s):  
Group Identity ◽  
Early History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Way

This article addresses the way the book of Ezra-Nehemiah on one hand and Chronicles on the other reflect the relationship between Samaria and Judah in the postexilic period. With regard to Ezra-Nehemiah, the focus is placed on Ezra 4:1–5, 6–23, 24, which evokes a particular image of the nature of the relationship between Samaria and Judah within the report of the construction of the temple in Ezra 1–6 that can function paradigmatically for the book as a whole. With regard to Chronicles, the focus lies on the theme of cult centralization, which became established in a particular manner through the reception of earlier tradition. The article concludes that both works, each in its own way, call forth critique of Samaria and the Samaritans in order to establish a separate Judean or Jewish group identity. The critique of the two works is dated to the late fourth or early third centuries BCE. As such, both are reckoned among the first witnesses heralding a shift in the perception of Samaria in biblical literature, namely toward a polemical and unequivocally negative perspective attested later in, for example, Josephus.

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