Terminology and Basic Rules of Electoral Systems

The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.013.49 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. xiv-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Erik S. Herron ◽

Robert J. Pekkanen ◽

Matthew S. Shugart

Keyword(s):

Electoral Systems ◽

Product Model ◽

Recent Advances

This chapter argues that current categorizations of electoral systems retain some utility but should be re-thought to capture recent advances in scholarship on electoral systems. A rigid categorical division between proportional and plurality systems should be replaced with a more sophisticated understanding of electoral systems on a continuum, and the use of the Seat Product Model. The chapter also develops an agenda of specific terminological usage, which will be employed throughout the Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems and which the authors advocate for field-wide adoption. Finally, the chapter reviews the contributions of the chapters in the volume and places them in perspective.

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Predicting Party Systems from Electoral Systems

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1763 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rein Taagepera ◽

Matthew Shugart

Keyword(s):

Political Science ◽

Party System ◽

Electoral Systems ◽

Party Systems ◽

Product Model ◽

District Magnitude ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Predictive Relationships ◽

Number Of Parties ◽

Quantities Of Interest

The Seat Product Model matters to electoral and party systems specialists in what it is able to predict, and to all political scientists as one example of how to predict. The seat product (MS) is the product of assembly size (S) and electoral district magnitude (M, number of seats allocated). Without any data input, thinking about conceptual lower and upper limits leads to a sequence of logically grounded models that apply to simple electoral systems. The resulting formulas allow for precise predictions about likely party system outputs, such as the number of parties, the size of the largest party, and other quantities of interest. The predictions are based entirely on institutional inputs. And when tested on real-world electoral data, these predictions are found to explain over 60% of the variance. This means that they provide a baseline expectation, against which actual countries and specific elections can be compared. To the broader political science audience, this research sends the following message: Interconnected quantitatively predictive relationships are a hallmark of developed science, but they are still rare in social sciences. These relationships can exist with regard to political phenomena if one is on the lookout for them. Logically founded predictions are stronger than merely empirical relationships or predictions of the direction of effects. Finally, isolated equations that connect various factors are nice, but equations that interconnect pack even more predictive punch. Political scientists should strive for connections among connections. This would lead to a more scientific political science.

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Teoretické očakávania a skutočné výstupy volebných systémov: Ako merať veľkosť deviácie?

Středoevropské politické studie Central European Political Studies Review ◽

10.5817/cepsr.2017.34.189 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (3-4) ◽

pp. 189-214

Author(s):

Miroslav Nemčok ◽

Jakub Šedo

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Electoral Systems ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Institutional Factors ◽

Conceptual Frameworks ◽

Product Model ◽

Econometric Methods ◽

Electoral Outcomes ◽

District Magnitude

The paper criticizes current conceptual frameworks focused on the evaluation of the performance of electoral systems. It offers a new tool allowing researchers to measure the size of the deviation of electoral outcomes from theoretical expectations. The index d = log[NS/(MS)1/6] is built on the Seat Product Model (Taagepera 2007b) and captures the deviations of electoral outcomes from predictions solely on the basis of two institutional factors – average district magnitude (M) and size of assembly (S). The theoretical background of index d is explained, and its reliability is further supported by conventional econometric methods based on empirical data.

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Electoral Systems

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0028 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rein Taagepera

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Electoral Systems ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Electoral Studies

This article discusses electoral systems. It starts with a review of the typology and comparative study of electoral systems, and focuses on the rise of the ‘Duvergerian agenda’. One section presents the recent advances in the macroscopic dimension of the agenda, while another section discusses the advances in the broader agenda of electoral studies.

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Recent Advances in High Dispersion Spectroscopy of Globular Cluster Stars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900035610 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 132 ◽

pp. 525-530

Author(s):

Raffaele G. Gratton

Keyword(s):

Globular Cluster ◽

Globular Clusters ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Photographic Material ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Metal Abundances ◽

Ccd Detectors ◽

Major Progress

The use CCD detectors has allowed a major progress in abundance derivations for globular cluster stars in the last years. Abundances deduced from high dispersion spectra now correlates well with other abundance indicators. I discuss some problems concerning the derivation of accurate metal abundances for globular clusters using high dispersion spectra from both the old photographic and the most recent CCD data. The discrepant low abundances found by Cohen (1980), from photographic material for M71 giants, are found to be due to the use of too high microturbulences.

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Chelation-assisted transition metal-catalysed C–H chalcogenylations

Organic Chemistry Frontiers ◽

10.1039/c9qo01497g ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 1022-1060 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wenbo Ma ◽

Nikolaos Kaplaneris ◽

Xinyue Fang ◽

Linghui Gu ◽

Ruhuai Mei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transition Metal ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Site Selectivity ◽

Transition Metal Catalyzed ◽

Metal Catalyzed

This review summarizes recent advances in C–S and C–Se formations via transition metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization utilizing directing groups to control the site-selectivity.

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Nucleosome dynamics

Biochemical Society Symposium ◽

10.1042/bss0730109 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 109-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chris Stockdale ◽

Michael Bruno ◽

Helder Ferreira ◽

Elisa Garcia-Wilson ◽

Nicola Wiechens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Chromatin Structure ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Dynamic Properties ◽

Structure And Dynamics ◽

Nucleosome Dynamics ◽

Sharp Focus ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Insight Into ◽

Chromatin Structure And Dynamics

In the 30 years since the discovery of the nucleosome, our picture of it has come into sharp focus. The recent high-resolution structures have provided a wealth of insight into the function of the nucleosome, but they are inherently static. Our current knowledge of how nucleosomes can be reconfigured dynamically is at a much earlier stage. Here, recent advances in the understanding of chromatin structure and dynamics are highlighted. The ways in which different modes of nucleosome reconfiguration are likely to influence each other are discussed, and some of the factors likely to regulate the dynamic properties of nucleosomes are considered.

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