Job

2021 ◽  
pp. 532-550
Author(s):  
Scott C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Literary Genre ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Religious Ideal

This essay treats the character of Job as a religious ideal, the topic of theodicy, the poetic achievement of the book, the literary genre of Job and its relation to other biblical Wisdom Literature, and Job in relation to “exemplary sufferer” texts from Mesopotamia and Ugarit. The remainder of the essay moves through the book, section-by-section. First is the prose tale in chs. 1–2 and the act-consequence nexus, the character שטן, Job’s wife, and the meaning of ברך and נחם. Next are the monologues and dialogues in chs. 3–31 and the arguments of Job and his friends. The third section treats the “answers” given by Elihu (chs. 32–37) and YHWH (chs. 38–42), including Elihu’s claim to revelation and YHWH’s use of strange animals. Last is the closing prose tale, including Job’s repentance (42:6) and restoration, along with various expansions of the tale in early Christian traditions.

scholarly journals Nandhi Kalambagam’s Agam Songs and its Rhetoric

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Suja S
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Number System ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Literary Style ◽  
College Curriculum ◽  
The Third ◽  
Literary Composition ◽  
System Operating

As a result of the proliferation of Short literary composition genres (Prabandas), various catalog texts (Paattiyal) arose as a continuation of the tradition of finding literature and giving grammar explanations therefor. Panniru Paatiyal, Venpaa Paatiyal, Chidambara Paatiyal, Navaneetha Paatiyal, Prabandha Deepika, Ilakkana vilakkam, Thonnuul vilakkam etc. and even some grammar books that deal with five grammar forms (Ainthilakkanam) are involved in this grammatical endeavor and have given grammar to different numbers of Short Literary Compositions. These numerical differences record the development of the literature as a result of the passage of time. This number extends from 54 to 360. This genre of 96 Short Literary Works can be attributed to the fact that the number system operating in the set tradition is also applied to Short Literary Works and to be a permanent one. The name of the literary genre, Kalambakam, is given in various ways by dividing its name. There are various reasons for the mix of 18 types of elements (15-21), the proliferation of many types of compositions, and the mixing of Agappaadalkal (Agam songs). This can be explained by the fact that the name is derived from a variety of hybrids rather than one character. Nandikkalambakam, the first and foremost of the Kalambaka literatures, was sung with the third Nandi Varman of the Pallava dynasty as the Leader of the song. 25 years Nandi ruled from (847-872) with Kanchi as his capital, the Pallava dynasty and the wars fought to expand the territory of many Nandikalambaka songs.  Although there are some differences in the view of Nandivarman's reign, it is accepted by scholars that he belonged to the ninth century and that Nandi Kalambakam, who led him to the song, and the ninth century. Even though this literature is in our school and college curriculum, its literary style beauty and glossary competency are unknown to the so called scholars too. So this article tries to explain the above said features of the Nandhi Kalambakam.

Prudentius in the Classroom?

1958 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
H. J. W. Tillyard
Keyword(s):  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lyric Poet ◽  
The Law ◽  
Public Career

Prudentius ranks as the third lyric poet after Horace and Catullus; he is also the greatest of the early Christian poets. In a short poem, which is the prelude to his chief collection, he gives a sketch of his career, but, unlike Ovid, affords only vague indications. At school he was put under a stern master:aetas prima crepantibus flevit sub ferulis.Then, after a stormy youth, he took to the law. Later he entered on a public career and held two high provincial governorships. Afterwards the Emperor (probably Theodosius) brought him to court as his own minister. Finally, when past the age of fifty, with hair already turning white (nix capitis), Prudentius resolved to devote the rest of his life to the praise of the True God.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michael Fishbane ◽  
Joanna Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Cultural Performance ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cultural Pedagogy ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Historical Periods

This chapter summarizes the four fundamental historical periods of development. The first period roughly covers the first to fifth centuries where certain foundational elements of literary genre, translation, displacement, and diffusion are considered. The next period takes up the fifth to eleventh centuries and focuses on the deepening and thickening of the midrashic enterprise as it expands into liturgy, theological polemics, narrative elaborations, and cultural performance. The third period includes the development of intense lexical annotation of midrashic texts and traditions, their acute scholastic examination, assorted uses of midrashic teachings for cultural pedagogy, and creative uses of Midrash to deepen the sense of history and time. The last period considers some of the early modern and modern traditions of Midrash and its transformations.

scholarly journals Die makrososiale ruimte van die Boek van die Wagte (1 Henog 1-36)

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Social World ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Enoch 1 ◽  
Spatial Aspect ◽  
Book Of The Watchers ◽  
1 Enoch

The macro social space of the Book of the Watchers (1 Enoch 1-36)An analysis of the material of the Book of the Watchers ( 1 Enoch 1-36) indicates a preference for the spatial aspect in these revelation narratives. In an attempt to understand this preference, an investigation is launched into the macro social world of the narratives. Themes in Enoch from literature in the Bible, the Syro-Phoenician world, Pseudo Epolemus, Zenon Papyri, Persia and Greece, are identified. Ptolemean Palestine is also investigated as the context within which an Enochic tradition was formed. Amongst other traditions an opposing Mosaic Judaism and Enochic Judaism are identified. Both take up the challenges of the third century with its Hellenistic onslaught and explosion of knowledge. The Book of the Watchers represents an Enoch tradition, which forms an early trajectory of apocalyptic thinking, and which is being influenced by various traditions such as wisdom literature in its mantic form, cosmological schemes of the world, and mythic traditions.

New Fragments of IG II2 10

1952 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 102-117
Author(s):  
Daphne Hereward
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third

Of the three new fragments of IG II2 10 here discussed, the two most important (Plate 27, a–b, Fig. 1) were identified in 1948 by Mr. George A. Stamires. The third fragment is the inscription published as IG II2 2403.IG II2 10 (EM 8147; Fig. 2) was found on the Acropolis and published by Ziebarth, AM XXIII 27–34. The two contiguous fragments identified by Mr. Stamires had been used as the impost of a column in an early Christian church and ornamented with a cross between two acanthus leaves (Plate 27, c). Professor Soteriou, of the Byzantine Museum, Athens, dated the sculpture, from a drawing, to the early part of the fifth century after Christ. In November 1947 the fragments were in the museum at Aigina, and Dr. Gabriel Welter informed me that he had found them on the slope of Kolonna Hill, near the so-called Temple of Aphrodite, in August 1942.

Paraphrase and Metaphrase

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-220
Author(s):  
Andrew Faulkner
Keyword(s):  
Late Antique ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Gregory Of Nyssa ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter explores paraphrase as a common tool for early Christian exegesis. The first section discusses the definition of paraphrase, its parameters in Antiquity, and its broader use in classical literature and education. The second section looks in more detail at prose paraphrase of Scripture, including discussion of a striking instance of exegetical paraphrase in Greek by Gregory of Nyssa and one in Latin by the orator Gaius Marius Victorinus. The third section deals with verse paraphrase of Scripture, with reference to poets such as Juvencus and Nonnus of Panopolis, as well as the Late Antique hexameter paraphrase of the Psalms in Antiquity attributed to Apollinaris of Laodicea.

The Shīʿī Reception of Muʿtazilism (I)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Ninth Century ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
The Third

This chapter focuses on two trends among the Zaydīs during the end of the third/ninth century: those who were close to theḥadīthfolk and thus opposed to Muʿtazilism, and those who had adopted Muʿtazilite doctrines. It considers Zaydism in Rayy, northern Iran and Khurāsān, where several Zaydī families played an important role in studying and expounding Bahshamite theology among the Zaydīs of Iran during the fifth/eleventh and early sixth/twelfth centuries. It also examines the roles played by Abū Zayd al-ʿAlawī, the author of theKitāb al-Ishhādwhich is a refutation of the Twelver Shīʿīs’ notion of the imamate, addressing specifically their belief in the occultation (ghayba) of the ‘hidden Imam’, and had a profound impact on the literary genre of Zaydī refutations of Twelver Shīʿism. The chapter concludes by discussing different literary traditions among the Zaydīs in Iran.

Creation

2019 ◽  
pp. 511-524
Author(s):  
Paul M. Blowers
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Wisdom Literature ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sacred History

Early Christian interpretation of Scripture on the theme of creation not surprisingly gave considerable attention to the Genesis account of the origins of the world, in part to counter the claims of Graeco-Roman cosmology, but more importantly to expound the latent theological meaning of the many details of the biblical cosmogony. But patristic exegetes were also keen on the fact that ‘creation’ in the Bible implied far more than beginnings; indeed, it designated the whole economy (oikonomia) of the Creator’s ongoing relation to the creation as set forth in sacred history and as requiring the further interpretative lenses of Christology, soteriology, and eschatology. Early Christian interpreters plumbed a wide variety of Old Testament texts beyond Genesis (especially the Psalms, Deutero-Isaiah, and the Wisdom literature). In their New Testament commentary they focused on such motifs as the subjection of creation to ‘vanity’, the work of Jesus Christ in recapitulating God’s creative purposes, and the eschatological renewal and transformation of the created universe in its relation to human salvation.

scholarly journals Pour la réception de l'"ambiguïté générique " du roman autobiographique

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
Brahim Ahmed Said
Keyword(s):  
Literary Genre ◽  
Literary Field ◽  
The Third ◽  
Artistic Interpretation

Nuestra contribución se centrará en la certificación del género de la novela autobiográfica para una posible recepción. Desde que Philippe Gasparini teorizó sobre este género literario (2004) y se puso de manifiesto su principal característica, a saber, la “ambigüedad genérica” que la define, las teorías abundan sin que se haya logrado aún postular en cuanto a su recepción. Mezclando ficción y realidad, este género desafía en cierto modo la lógica a la vez que incita a la intriga. Es teniendo cuenta de esta mezcla contra natura que se origina nuestra argumentación. Se trata de poner de manifiesto esta ambigüedad mediante la interpretación artística ante todo, sin pretender imponer alguna validez práctica con semejante propuesta. Eso mismo es lo que invocamos con el tercer pacto de lectura del género, a través de la redefinición de los términos ficción y realidad en el ámbito literario. This contribution will focus on the confirmation of the genre of the autobiographical novel and stakes a case for its possible reception. Since the theorisation of this literary genre by Philippe Gasparini (2004), and the identification of its main characteristic, namely its defining "genre-related ambiguity", theories abound yet continually fail to postulate as to its reception. Mixing fiction and reality, this genre challenges logic whilst also provoking intrigue. It is by tackling this unnatural amalgam that our argument stems. It is above all a question of valuing this ambiguity through an artistic interpretation, without claiming the practical validity of such a proposal. This is what we are claiming in the third reading pact of the genre, through the redefinition of the terms fiction and reality in the literary field. Notre contribution insistera sur l’attestation du genre roman autobiographique et sur une proposition pour une possible réception. Depuis la théorisation de ce genre littéraire par Philippe Gasparini (2004), et la mise évidence de sa principale caractéristique à savoir son « ambiguité générique » qui le définit, les théories abondent et n’arrivent toujours pas à postuler quant à sa réception. Mêlant fiction et réalité, ce genre défit dans un certain sens la logique et incite en même temps à l’intrigue. C’est en tenant compte de cet amalgame contre-nature que notre propos prend sa source. Il s’agit de valoriser cette ambiguïté par le biais d’une interprétation artistique avant tout, sans prétendre à une validité pratique d’une telle proposition. C’est ce que nous invoquons par le troisième pacte de lecture du genre, en passant par la redéfinition des termes fiction et réalité dans le champ littéraire.

Gendered Space

2021 ◽  
pp. 290-302
Author(s):  
Joan E. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Christian Women ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
House Church ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ritual Space ◽  
Gendered Space ◽  
Eusebius Of Caesarea

This chapter considers the meeting place of the Therapeutae, described in Philo of Alexandria’s De Vita Contemplativa, as represented by Eusebius of Caesarea. Since Eusebius read Philo’s treatise as indicating an early Christian community, he sees a church here, with gendered space, affirming this is Christian practice. The ministries of Christian women overall then need then to be considered within a gendered construct of space and movement. While the appropriate ‘place’ for women in the earliest congregations depends on how meeting spaces are configured (for meals, charity, teaching, healing, and prayer), the recent work of Edward Adams has contested the ubiquitous house-church model and allowed for more cognitive templates for how gendered space was constructed. The third-century ‘Megiddo church’ seems to suggest a divided dining hall for women and men, in line with gendered dining as a Hellenistic norm, with centralized ritual space.

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