The Transition from Acute to Chronic Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 678-701
Author(s):  
Wei-Hsin Sun ◽  
Yu-Shiuan Su ◽  
Chih-Cheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Sensory Transduction ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
Hyperalgesic Priming ◽  
Signal Switch

Chronic pain is not merely a prolonged form of acute pain but rather results from plastic changes that occur along sensory transduction pathways from the peripheral to the central nervous system. Recent studies have revealed that “hyperalgesic priming,” the plastic changes of nociceptors, is essential for the transition from acute to chronic pain. Once challenged, nociceptors may elicit a signal switch to favor pain chronicity in response to future noxious stimuli. This article summarizes the recent progress in research into hyperalgesic priming in different chronic pain models and highlight how the plastic changes of the signal switch varies in different nociceptors. Also discussed is the involvement of proton-sensing receptors in pain chronicity associated with rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia.

scholarly journals Chronic Pain in Inflammatory Arthritis: Mechanisms, Metrology, and Emerging Targets—A Focus on the JAK-STAT Pathway

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fausto Salaffi ◽  
Giovanni Giacobazzi ◽  
Marco Di Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Arthritis ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Central Pain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Central Pain Processing ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Stat Pathway

Chronic pain is nowadays considered not only the mainstay symptom of rheumatic diseases but also “a disease itself.” Pain is a multidimensional phenomenon, and in inflammatory arthritis, it derives from multiple mechanisms, involving both synovitis (release of a great number of cytokines) and peripheral and central pain-processing mechanisms (sensitization). In the last years, the JAK-STAT pathway has been recognized as a pivotal component both in the inflammatory process and in pain amplification in the central nervous system. This paper provides a summary on pain in inflammatory arthritis, from pathogenesis to clinimetric instruments and treatment, with a focus on the JAK-STAT pathway.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Subjective Tinnitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfger von der Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Subjective Tinnitus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plastic Changes

Tinnitus is one of the major audiological diseases, affecting a significant portion of the ageing society. Despite its huge personal and presumed economic impact there are only limited therapeutic options available. The reason for this deficiency lies in the very nature of the disease as it is deeply connected to elementary plasticity of auditory processing in the central nervous system. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing a therapy that reverses the plastic changes underlying the pathogenesis of tinnitus. This requires experiments that address individual neurons and small networks, something usually not feasible in human patients. However, in animals such invasive experiments on the level of single neurons with high spatial and temporal resolution are possible. Therefore, animal models are a very critical element in the combined efforts for engineering new therapies. This review provides an overview over the most important features of animal models of tinnitus: which laboratory species are suitable, how to induce tinnitus, and how to characterize the perceived tinnitus by behavioral means. In particular, these aspects of tinnitus animal models are discussed in the light of transferability to the human patients.

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