Chapter 13 Myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitors: regulators of plastic changes of neural connections in the central nervous system

1996 ◽  
pp. 183-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef P. Kapfhammer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurite Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibitors ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plastic Changes

scholarly journals Animal Models of Subjective Tinnitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfger von der Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Subjective Tinnitus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Plastic Changes

Tinnitus is one of the major audiological diseases, affecting a significant portion of the ageing society. Despite its huge personal and presumed economic impact there are only limited therapeutic options available. The reason for this deficiency lies in the very nature of the disease as it is deeply connected to elementary plasticity of auditory processing in the central nervous system. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing a therapy that reverses the plastic changes underlying the pathogenesis of tinnitus. This requires experiments that address individual neurons and small networks, something usually not feasible in human patients. However, in animals such invasive experiments on the level of single neurons with high spatial and temporal resolution are possible. Therefore, animal models are a very critical element in the combined efforts for engineering new therapies. This review provides an overview over the most important features of animal models of tinnitus: which laboratory species are suitable, how to induce tinnitus, and how to characterize the perceived tinnitus by behavioral means. In particular, these aspects of tinnitus animal models are discussed in the light of transferability to the human patients.

scholarly journals Vestibular neuromodulation in neurology and psychiatry

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Naryshkin ◽  
I. V. Galanin ◽  
V. L. Kozlovskii ◽  
V. Yu. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Peripheral Part ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Stimuli

Te paper overviews the state of the art in one of the most rapidly developing areas of treatment of various drug-resistant diseases of the central nervous system. Different methods of vestibular neuromodulation and their comparative efcacy in the treatment of mental and neurological disorders are described. All those methods are based on neuroplasticity activation by means of application of physical, electrical or chemical stimuli on the peripheral part of the vestibular system, which leads to the restructuring of neural connections in the brainstem and in the midbrain.

scholarly journals Ventromedial Arcuate Nucleus Communicates Peripheral Metabolic Information to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Xia Yi ◽  
Jan van der Vliet ◽  
Jiapei Dai ◽  
Guangfu Yin ◽  
Liqiang Ru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Circumventricular Organs ◽  
Systemic Injection ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Pathway

The arcuate nucleus (ARC) is crucial for the maintenance of energy homeostasis as an integrator of long- and short-term hunger and satiety signals. The expression of receptors for metabolic hormones, such as insulin, leptin, and ghrelin, allows ARC to sense information from the periphery and signal it to the central nervous system. The ventromedial ARC (vmARC) mainly comprises orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related peptide and neuropeptide Y neurons, which are sensitive to circulating signals. To investigate neural connections of vmARC within the central nervous system, we injected the neuronal tracer cholera toxin B into vmARC. Due to variation of injection sites, tracer was also injected into the subependymal layer of the median eminence (seME), which showed similar projection patterns as the vmARC. We propose that the vmARC forms a complex with the seME, their reciprocal connections with viscerosensory areas in brain stem, and other circumventricular organs, suggesting the exchange of metabolic and circulating information. For the first time, the vmARC-seME was shown to have reciprocal interaction with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Activation of vmARC neurons by systemic administration of the ghrelin mimetic GH-releasing peptide-6 combined with SCN tracing showed vmARC neurons to transmit feeding related signals to the SCN. The functionality of this pathway was demonstrated by systemic injection of GH-releasing peptide-6, which induced Fos in the vmARC and resulted in a reduction of about 40% of early daytime Fos immunoreactivity in the SCN. This observation suggests an anatomical and functional pathway for peripheral hormonal feedback to the hypothalamus, which may serve to modulate the activity of the SCN.

Reorganization of the Somatosensory Cerebral CortexAfter Peripheral Damage

Physiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
R Verley
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Early Deprivation ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tactile System

If a sensory nerve is sectioned, it is expected that the centrally deprived projection area should be reduced to silence and atrophy. However, in recent years the capacity of the central nervous system for reorganization has received increasing attention. This article concerns elimination of input from the tactile system on the head of rodents, which has two components, the long vibrissae and the common fur. After early destruction of the vibrissae in newborn rats, the deprived cortex unexpectedly was not significantly reduced because substitution occurred. If only the vibrissae were destroyed, small fur hairs substituted for them. If both vibrissae and small hairs on the muzzle were destroyed, fur hairs of other head regions took over. This shows that early deprivation leads to reorganization in the somatosensory cortex that reveals greater than expected plasticity. Thus the principle of specificity of neural connections, a basic principle of neurology, must be reappraised.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document