Oceans and Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 391-407
Author(s):  
Maxwell Uphaus
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Imperial Identity ◽  
Central Tenet ◽  
Sea Power ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
Blind Spots

This chapter explores how Woolf’s frequent writing about the ocean highlights both her opposition to and her enmeshment in the British Empire. Woolf scholarship has emphasized Woolf’s portrayal of oceans and empire as naturally antithetical, demonstrating the various ways in which Woolf’s oceans oppose patriarchal imperialism. The chapter argues that, in portraying this antithesis, Woolf’s writing subverts a central tenet of British imperial ideology during her lifetime: the belief that oceans and empire were naturally connected and that, because of the critical importance of maritime trade and sea power to British imperialism, the sea was in fact an agent of empire, foundational to British imperial identity. The chapter shows how Woolf’s subversion of this naturalized connection between oceans and empire both augmented her anti-imperial critique and, by amplifying her blind spots regarding race and the representation of non-European peoples, significantly constrained it.

A Religious State (A Study of Hasyim Asyari and Muhammad Iqbal's Thought on the Relation of Religion, State and Nationalism)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Arik Dwijayanto ◽  
Yusmicha Ulya Afif
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Early Generation ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Religion And State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diverse Cultures

<p><em>This article explores the concept of a religious state proposed by two Muslim leaders: Hasyim Asyari (1871-1947), an Indonesian Muslim leader and Muhammad Iqbal (1873-1938), an Indian Muslim leader. Both of them represented the early generation when the emerging revolution for the independence of Indonesia (1945) from the Dutch colonialism and India-Pakistan (1947) from the British Imperialism. In doing so, they argued that the religious state is compatible with the plural nation that has diverse cultures, faiths, and ethnicities. They also argued that Islam as religion should involve the establishment of a nation-state. But under certain circumstances, they changed their thinking. Hasyim changed his thought that Islam in Indonesia should not be dominated by a single religion and state ideology. Hasyim regarded religiosity in Indonesia as vital in nation-building within a multi-religious society. While Iqbal changed from Indian loyalist to Islamist loyalist after he studied and lived in the West. The desire of Iqbal to establish the own state for the Indian Muslims separated from Hindus was first promulgated in 1930 when he was a President of the Muslim League. Iqbal expressed the hope of seeing Punjab, the North West province, Sind and Balukhistan being one in a single state, having self-government outside the British empire. In particular, the two Muslim leaders used religious legitimacy to establish political identity. By using historical approach (intellectual history), the relationship between religion, state, and nationalism based on the thinking of the two Muslim leaders can be concluded that Hasyim Asyari more prioritizes Islam as the ethical value to build state ideology and nationalism otherwise Muhammad Iqbal tends to make Islam as the main principle in establishment of state ideology and nationalism.</em></p><em>Keywords: Hasyim Asyari, Muhammad Iqbal, religion, state, nationalism.</em>

scholarly journals AN IMPERIAL APOSTLE? ST PAUL, PROTESTANT CONVERSION, AND SOUTH ASIAN CHRISTIANITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
SHINJINI DAS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThis article explores the locally specific (re)construction of a biblical figure, the Apostle St Paul, in India, to unravel the entanglement of religion with British imperial ideology on the one hand, and to understand the dynamics of colonial conversion on the other. Over the nineteenth century, evangelical pamphlets and periodicals heralded St Paul as the ideal missionary, who championed conversion to Christianity but within an imperial context: that of the first-century Roman Mediterranean. Through an examination of missionary discourses, along with a study of Indian (Hindu and Islamic) intellectual engagement with Christianity including Bengali convert narratives, this article studies St Paul as a reference point for understanding the contours of ‘vernacular Christianity’ in nineteenth-century India. Drawing upon colonial Christian publications mainly from Bengal, the article focuses on the multiple reconfigurations of Paul: as a crucial mascot of Anglican Protestantism, as a justification of British imperialism, as an ideological resource for anti-imperial sentiments, and as a theological inspiration for Hindu reform and revivalist organization.

The French Raid upon the Newfoundland Fishery in 1762: A Study in the Nature and Limits of Eighteenth-Century Sea Power

2013 ◽  
pp. 129-154
Author(s):  
Olaf U. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Clear Link ◽  
Sea Power ◽  
Fish Trade

This chapter examines the French raid of the Newfoundland Fishery in 1762 in attempt to determine the motivation for targeting that fishery in particular. It explores the effect of the Seven Years’ War on French trade, the dominance of the British Empire at sea; the benefits and risks of the raid; the vulnerability of the fishery; and the decision of the raid’s commander to permanently occupy St John’s, despite knowing France did not have the means to support the occupation. It also explores the British response, negotiation efforts, and the toll the raid took upon the British fish trade. It concludes that the end of war negotiations took place shortly after the French occupation of St John’s, though a clear link between the two events has not been proven and seems unlikely.

The Atlantic

2008 ◽  
pp. 19-48
Author(s):  
Mark C. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Equatorial Atlantic ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Naval Policy ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Liberal Trade ◽  
Naval Structures ◽  
The Impact

This chapter places the goals and the naval structures of Britain and America into the context of economic development and international relations in the equatorial Atlantic. It introduces the economic status of the Atlantic region in the early nineteenth century, before detailing how British and American naval activity developed power within it. It explores ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ and British imperialism in relation to naval policy-making; the free-trade mentality adopted by the British Empire in the middle of the century and the impact this had on trade with South America and West Africa. It discusses British naval strategy and deployment, American naval policy, and the economic basis of the Anglo-American relationship. It concludes that though America took a protectionist approach to commerce while the British objective sought liberal trade, they avoided diplomatic difficulty by utilising their respective sea powers in order to navigate maritime activity peacefully.

Alfred Dampier's ‘Shakespearean Fridays’

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
RICHARD FOTHERINGHAM
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
Imperial Identity

Throughout the British Empire, visiting and immigrating professional actors ‘from the old country’ realized and reinforced for settler cultures a dominant imperial identity. In Australia, Alfred Dampier (1843–1908) and his company exploited the opportunities that this cultural milieu offered by staging austere, ‘reverential’, well-elocuted Shakespearean productions which raised their artistic status and asserted their respectability while enabling Dampier to offer as well, without censorship or public condemnation, dramatizations of sensational and controversial bushranger and convict narratives.

Roundtable: Imperial History by the Book: A Roundtable on John Darwin's The Empire Project. Reply

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-997
Author(s):  
John Darwin
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Imperial History ◽  
The World

AbstractIn an age when both the traditional book form and the world that the British Empire made are arguably in crisis, it is remarkable that big books on British imperialism abound. Contributors to this roundtable assess scale and genre as well as content in their discussion of the claims and impact of John Darwin's tome, The Empire Project. John Darwin's response is also included.

A New Shahrazad

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-386
Author(s):  
Andrew Amstutz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle East ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
British India ◽  
World War ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Autobiographical Writing ◽  
History Of

Abstract In 1945, Mahmooda Rizvia, a prominent Urdu author from Sindh, published a travel account of her journey across the Arabian Sea from British India to Iraq during World War II. In her travel account, Rizvia conceptualized the declining British Empire as a dynamic space for Muslim renewal that connected India to the Middle East. Moreover, she fashioned a singular autobiographical persona as an Urdu literary pioneer and woman traveler in the Muslim lands of the British Empire. In her writings, Rizvia focused on her distinctive observations of the ocean, the history of the Ottoman Empire, and her home province of Sindh's location as a historical nexus between South Asia and the Middle East. In contrast to the expectations of modesty and de-emphasis on the self in many Muslim women's autobiographical narratives in the colonial era, Rizvia fashioned a pious, yet unapologetically self-promotional, autobiographical persona. In conversation with recent scholarship on Muslim cosmopolitanism, women's autobiographical writing, and travel literature, this article points to the development of an influential project of Muslim cosmopolitanism in late colonial Sindh that blurred the lines between British imperialism, pan-Islamic ambitions, and nationalism during the closing days of World War II.

The Branch Life of Empire: Imperial Loyalty Leagues in Antipodean Cities – Comparisons and Contrasts with the British Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-84
Author(s):  
John Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Imperial Identity ◽  
Good For ◽  
Gender Boundaries

This article examines the developmental trajectory of a cluster of Antipodean imperial loyalty leagues, several of which were branches of British based leagues, which were formed and operated in the first half of the twentieth century. It is argued here that the thesis of the success of leagues which exhibited ‘feminine’ characteristics and the relative failure of those which demonstrated ‘masculine’ characteristics after 1918 largely holds good for this region of the British Empire, although some of the ‘masculine’ leagues managed to traverse such gender boundaries and are, as a result, more problematic to categorise. The general picture of league operations across the period under scrutiny, when viewed from both within (through league archives) and without (through newspaper reports of their activities) should however, perhaps stress their relative failure to act as imperial propaganda mechanisms and they did not for the most part, ignite the enthusiasm of the wider city populaces for an imperial identity. Possible reasons for their failure are advanced and comparisons made with County Societies with which they were contemporaneous.

‘A Noble Empire in the West’: Young Ireland, the United States and Slavery

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-191
Author(s):  
Ian Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
British Empire ◽  
The United States ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The West ◽  
American Slavery ◽  
Daniel O'connell ◽  
Political Relationship

Young Ireland nationalists conciliated slaveholding and proslavery Americans in the mid-1840s by situating Irish debates over American slavery within a broader discussion of Ireland's status in the British Empire. As Irish nationalists sought to redefine Ireland's political relationship to Great Britain, many came to see material and rhetorical support from the United States as indispensable to their efforts. Unlike Daniel O'Connell, Young Irelanders proved willing to overlook slavery in the United States because they believed that an Irish-American alliance could be mobilised to critique British imperialism and potentially to gain greater autonomy for Ireland. Debates among Irish nationalists over accepting aid from slaveholding and proslavery Americans, therefore, bring into focus where O'Connell and Young Ireland differed with regard to Ireland's sufferings under the Union and involvement in the Empire.

scholarly journals A Passage from India

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Berlinski
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Moral Majority ◽  
British Policy

In his book Bland Fanatics, Pankaj Mishra reveals that in his thoughts on British imperialism, he is, of course, very much a made member of the moral majority. Whatever British policy, British imperialism was, Mishra believes, evil in its consequences. But reviewer David Berlinski argues that the truth about the British Empire is, as one might expect, very large.

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