Intonation and Staying in Tune in A Cappella Choral Singing

2015 ◽  
pp. 850-864
Author(s):  
David M. Howard
Keyword(s):  
A Cappella ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Choral Singing ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Equal Temperament ◽  
Choral Repertoire

The tendency for singers to use non-equal temperament when singing unaccompanied or a cappella can have a large effect on the overall pitch stability of a piece of music, especially if there are several modulations. This chapter describes the background to this effect in terms of the temperament that is naturally adopted in a cappella singing and demonstrates how it can be predicted in practice. Results are presented from experimental measurements of the pitches used by a four-part SATB (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) quartet when they sing specially composed exercises and items from the a cappella choral repertoire, and these demonstrate the effect in practice. These experiments make use of four electrolaryngographs to measure the fundamental frequencies from each singer with an absence of cross interference. Pitch shifts that follow the trends suggested by the predictions are demonstrated for both the exercises and items from the a cappella choral repertoire.

Antecedents, and Development of the Sacred Choral Concerto in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-192
Author(s):  
Mónika Végh
Keyword(s):  
Choral Music ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Vocal Music ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
A Cappella ◽  
Russian Music ◽  
Choral Repertoire ◽  
Russian Composers

"Upon dealing with Russian religious choral music of the 18th century, one may clearly recognize the outlines of a unique genre, the duhovny kontsert, or in other words, the genre of the religious choral concerto. The subject is suppletory, since very few people in Hungary have dealt with pre-19th century Russian music, let alone with choral repertoire. In the present study, we may follow up the legalization and development of polyphony in church music – which was strictly monophonic up until the 1500s – and the different types of multivocal hymns. We will also get to know the Russian composers of the 17th and 18th centuries, who contributed to the genre with their own works. We will receive a detailed description about concertante techniques used in European vocal music, and about their appearance in the 18th century Russia, which was unique to a cappella choral concerto. We will also get to know more about the structure and characteristics of the duhovny kontsert, while taking a glance at the historical background. In the final part of the study, we will see how the genre influenced subsequent eras, and how the stylistic marks and techniques appear in the choral oeuvre of Rachmaninoff. Keywords: Russia, 18th century, church music, choral concerto, Bortniansky, Berezovsky"

A Tape Striation Counting Method for Determining Fundamental Frequency

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Mueller ◽  
Marla Adams ◽  
Jean Baehr-Rouse ◽  
Debbie Boos
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Counting Procedure ◽  
Female Subjects

Mean fundamental frequencies of male and female subjects obtained with FLORIDA I and a tape striation counting procedure were compared. The fundamental frequencies obtained with these two methods were similar and it appears that the tape striation counting procedure is a viable, simple, and inexpensive alternative to more costly and complicated procedures and instrumentation.

Finite Element Simulation of Tire-Rim Interface

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. Tseng ◽  
R. G. Pelle ◽  
J. P. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Finite Element Simulation ◽  
Contact Pressure ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Interference Fit ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Rubber Composite

Abstract A finite element model was developed to simulate the tire-rim interface. Elastomers were modeled by nonlinear incompressible elements, whereas plies were simulated by cord-rubber composite elements. Gap elements were used to simulate the opening between tire and rim at zero inflation pressure. This opening closed when the inflation pressure was increased gradually. The predicted distribution of contact pressure at the tire-rim interface agreed very well with the available experimental measurements. Several variations of the tire-rim interference fit were analyzed.

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