Introduction to the Field and the Issues

2018 ◽  
pp. xiv-16
Author(s):  
Robert A. Zucker ◽  
Sandra A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Clinical Symptomatology ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Social Environmental

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the origins, development, and course of substance use as it emerges and unfolds in adolescence, a period where great change at genetic, neurobiological, behavioral, and social-environmental levels is taking place. The volume also provides reviews of clinical symptomatology and the multiple methods for intervention that have developed to address this major set of public health problems. This chapter provides a brief overview of these areas; it includes sections on epidemiology, similarities and differences among the different drugs of abuse, etiology and course, clinical symptomatology and comorbidity, intervention methods, and social policy. These summaries, covering multiple levels of analysis, provide a comprehensive description of a field that is still developing, but that has already achieved a substantial level of maturity.

scholarly journals The role of negativity bias in political judgment: A cultural neuroscience perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narun Pornpattananangkul ◽  
Bobby K. Cheon ◽  
Joan Y. Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Cultural Neuroscience ◽  
Political Judgment ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Bidirectional Relationship ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Relationship Of

AbstractHibbing et al. provide a comprehensive overview of how being susceptible to heightened sensitivity to threat may lead to conservative ideologies. Yet, an emerging literature in social and cultural neuroscience shows the importance of genetic and cultural factors on negativity biases. Promising avenues for future investigation may include examining the bidirectional relationship of conservatism across multiple levels of analysis.

Public Health Impact of Substance Use on Adolescent: A Snapshot of Yenagoa in Bayelsa State. Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morufu Raimi ◽  
Abdulraheem Aishat Funmilayo ◽  
Iteimowei Major ◽  
Okoyen Ebikapaye ◽  
Olaolu Oyinlola Bilewu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Public Health Impact

scholarly journals Interactions of neuroimmune signaling and glutamate plasticity in addiction

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra D. Gipson ◽  
Scott Rawls ◽  
Michael D. Scofield ◽  
Benjamin M. Siemsen ◽  
Emma O. Bondy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Glutamate Signaling ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Glutamate System ◽  
Chronic Use

AbstractChronic use of drugs of abuse affects neuroimmune signaling; however, there are still many open questions regarding the interactions between neuroimmune mechanisms and substance use disorders (SUDs). Further, chronic use of drugs of abuse can induce glutamatergic changes in the brain, but the relationship between the glutamate system and neuroimmune signaling in addiction is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to bring into focus the role of neuroimmune signaling and its interactions with the glutamate system following chronic drug use, and how this may guide pharmacotherapeutic treatment strategies for SUDs. In this review, we first describe neuroimmune mechanisms that may be linked to aberrant glutamate signaling in addiction. We focus specifically on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a potentially important neuroimmune mechanism that may be a key player in driving drug-seeking behavior. We highlight the importance of astroglial-microglial crosstalk, and how this interacts with known glutamatergic dysregulations in addiction. Then, we describe the importance of studying non-neuronal cells with unprecedented precision because understanding structure-function relationships in these cells is critical in understanding their role in addiction neurobiology. Here we propose a working model of neuroimmune-glutamate interactions that underlie drug use motivation, which we argue may aid strategies for small molecule drug development to treat substance use disorders. Together, the synthesis of this review shows that interactions between glutamate and neuroimmune signaling may play an important and understudied role in addiction processes and may be critical in developing more efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat SUDs.

scholarly journals Disrupting Cultures of Harassment in Archaeology: Social-Environmental and Trauma-Informed Approaches to Disciplinary Transformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Voss
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disciplinary Culture ◽  
Environmental Model ◽  
Exclusionary Practices ◽  
Archaeological Practice ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trauma Informed ◽  
Social Environmental

This article is the second in a two-part series that analyzes current research on harassment in archaeology. Both qualitative and quantitative studies, along with activist narratives and survivor testimonials, have established that harassment is occurring in archaeology at epidemic rates. These studies have also identified key patterns in harassment in archaeology that point to potential interventions that may prevent harassment, support survivors, and hold perpetrators accountable. This article reviews five key obstacles to change in the disciplinary culture of archaeology: normalization, exclusionary practices, fraternization, gatekeeping, and obstacles to reporting. Two public health paradigms—the social-environmental model and trauma-informed approaches—are used to identify interventions that can be taken at all levels of archaeological practice: individual, relational, organizational, community, and societal.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of Human Poisoning and Toxic Exposures in Myanmar

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3576
Author(s):  
Meghan A. Cook ◽  
Pardeep S. Jagpal ◽  
Khin Hnin Pwint ◽  
Lai Lai San ◽  
Saint Saint Kyaw Thein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
International Health ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Toxic Exposures ◽  
Human Poisoning

The International Health Regulations (2005) promote national capacity in core institutions so that countries can better detect, respond to and recover from public health emergencies. In accordance with the ‘all hazards’ approach to public health risk, this systematic review examines poisoning and toxic exposures in Myanmar. A systematic literature search was undertaken to find articles pertaining to poisoning in Myanmar published between 1998 and 2020. A number of poisoning risks are identified in this review, including snakebites, heavy metals, drugs of abuse, agrochemicals and traditional medicine. Patterns of poisoning presented in the literature diverge from poisoning priorities reported in other lower-middle income countries in the region. The experience of professionals working in a Yangon-based poison treatment unit also indicate that frequently observed poisoning as a result of pharmaceuticals, methanol, and petroleum products was absent from the literature. Other notable gaps in the available research include assessments of the public health burden of poisoning through self-harm, household exposures to chemicals, paediatric risk and women’s occupational risk of poisoning. There is a limited amount of research available on poisoning outcomes and routes of exposure in Myanmar. Further investigation and research are warranted to provide a more complete assessment of poisoning risk and incidence.

scholarly journals Instantiating the multiple levels of analysis perspective in a program of study on externalizing behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore P. Beauchaine ◽  
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Multiple Levels

AbstractDuring the last quarter century, developmental psychopathology has become increasingly inclusive and now spans disciplines ranging from psychiatric genetics to primary prevention. As a result, developmental psychopathologists have extended traditional diathesis–stress and transactional models to include causal processes at and across all relevant levels of analysis. Such research is embodied in what is known as the multiple levels of analysis perspective. We describe how multiple levels of analysis research has informed our current thinking about antisocial and borderline personality development among trait impulsive and therefore vulnerable individuals. Our approach extends the multiple levels of analysis perspective beyond simple Biology × Environment interactions by evaluating impulsivity across physiological systems (genetic, autonomic, hormonal, neural), psychological constructs (social, affective, motivational), developmental epochs (preschool, middle childhood, adolescence, adulthood), sexes (male, female), and methods of inquiry (self-report, informant report, treatment outcome, cardiovascular, electrophysiological, neuroimaging). By conducting our research using any and all available methods across these levels of analysis, we have arrived at a developmental model of trait impulsivity that we believe confers a greater understanding of this highly heritable trait and captures at least some heterogeneity in key behavioral outcomes, including delinquency and suicide.

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