World Englishes and Phonological Theory

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Uffmann
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Active Constraints ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constraint Hierarchies ◽  
Substrate Constraint

The relationship between phonological theory and World Englishes is generally characterized by a mutual lack of interest. This chapter argues for a greater engagement of both fields with each other, looking at constraint-based theories of phonology, especially Optimality Theory (OT), as a case in point. Contact varieties of English provide strong evidence for synchronically active constraints, as it is substrate or L1 constraints that are regularly transferred to the contact variety, not rules. Additionally, contact varieties that have properties that are in some way ‘in between’ the substrate and superstrate systems provide evidence for constraint hierarchies or implicational relationships between constraints, illustrated here primarily with examples from syllable structure. Conversely, for a scholar working on the description of World Englishes, OT can offer an explanation of where the patterns found in a contact variety come from, namely from the transfer of substrate constraint rankings (and subsequent gradual constraint demotion).

scholarly journals Sonority Sequencing Principle in Sabzevari Persian: A Constraint-Based Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 434-465
Author(s):  
Mufleh Salem M. Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Consonant Clusters ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Repair Strategy ◽  
Vowel Epenthesis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Northeast Iran

AbstractThis study sheds light on the relationship between the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) and syllable structure in Sabzevari, a Persian vernacular spoken in the Sabzevar area of Northeast Iran. Optimality Theory (OT), as a constraint-based approach, is utilized to scrutinize sonority violation and its repair strategies. The results suggest that obedience to the SSP is mandatory in Sabzevari, as shown through the treatment of word-final clusters in Standard Persian words which violate the SSP. These consonant clusters are avoided in Sabzevari by two phonological processes: vowel epenthesis and metathesis. Vowel epenthesis is motivated by final consonant clusters of the forms /fricative+coronal nasal/, /plosive+bilabial nasal/, /fricative+bilabial nasal/, /plosive+rhotic/, /fricative+rhotic/, and /plosive+lateral/. Metathesis, as another repair strategy for sonority sequencing violations, occurs when dealing with final consonant clusters of the forms /plosive+fricative/and / fricative+lateral/.

scholarly journals Markedness, Faithfulness, Vowel Quality and Syllable Structure in French

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAROLINE FÉRY
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Phonetic Representation

The quality of vowels in French depends to a large extent on the kind of syllables they are in. Tense vowels are often in open syllables and lax vowels in closed ones. This generalisation, which has been called loi de position in the literature, is often overridden by special vowel-consonant co-occurrence restrictions obscuring this law. The article shows first that the admission of semisyllables in the phonology of French explains a large number of counterexamples. Many final closing consonants on the phonetic representation can be understood as onsets of following rime-less syllables, opening in this way the last full syllable. Arguments coming from phonotactic regularities support this analysis. The second insight of the article is that Optimality Theory is a perfect framework to account for the intricate data bearing on the relationship between vowels and syllable structure. The loi de position is an effect dubbed Emergence of the Unmarked, instantiated only in case no higher-ranking constraint renders it inactive.

Konsep Asbāb Al-Nuzūl Menurut Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-118
Author(s):  
Shidqy Munjin
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to examine the concept of asbāb al-nuzul which has been misunderstood by ulama and thus produces misleading conclusions. The results of this study indicate that Abu Zayd's criticism of the established concept of asbāb al-nuzūl in the ‘ulūm Al-Qurān was focused on the problem of the relation between the text and realities. According to him, the study of the first scholars was too focused on the Koran itself and the Prophet's person as the recipient of revelation, but they forgot the community around the Prophet which was the most important element of reality that existed at that time. Whereas for Abu Zayd, the existence of asbāb al-nuzūl is strong evidence to show the relationship and dialectic between text and reality. To elaborate on his conception, Abu Zayd elaborated on four basic problems, namely regarding the reasons for the Al-Qur'an's a gradual descent, the gradual model of decline, the concept of Dalāllah in understanding a verse and its relation to asbāb al-nuzūl and finally on how to determine asbāb al-nuzūl.

Relating Surface Roughness to Subsurface Stress

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Martini ◽  
S. B. Liu ◽  
B. Escoffier ◽  
Q. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Surface Design ◽  
Dry Contact ◽  
Subsurface Stress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Machined Surfaces

Understanding and anticipating the effects of surface roughness on subsurface stress in the design phase can help ensure that performance and life requirements are satisfied. The specific approach taken in this work to address the goal of improved surface design is to relate surface characteristics of real, machined surfaces to subsurface stress fields for dry contact. This was done by digitizing machined surfaces, simulating point contact numerically, calculating the corresponding subsurface stress field, and then relating stress results back to the surface. The relationship between surface characteristics and subsurface stress is evaluated using several different approaches including analyses of trends identified through stress field visualization and extraction of statistical data. One such approach revealed a sharp transition between cases in which surface characteristics dominated the stress field and those in which bulk, or global contact effects dominated the stress. This transition point was found to be a function of the contact operating conditions, material properties, and most interestingly, the roughness of the surface.

Theoretical and experimental studies of the oil film in lubricated point contact

1966 ◽  
Vol 291 (1427) ◽  
pp. 520-536 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Point Contacts ◽  
Previous Theory ◽  
Oil Film

A technique using Newton’s rings for mapping the oil film of lubricated point contacts is described. A theoretical value for the film thickness of such contacts in elastohydrodynamic lubrication is derived. The experimental results give the exit constriction predicted by previous theory but never shown in detail. The comparison of theoretical and experimental oil film thicknesses, which is satisfactorily accurate, gives strong evidence for a viscous surface layer some 1000Å thick. This film agrees with the known ‘lubricating power’ of the various oils tested.

Licensed Segments and Safe Paths

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Itô ◽  
R. Armin Mester
Keyword(s):  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The Core ◽  
Privileged Status

The following pages sketch a system of constraints intended to sharpen and organize a number of current assumptions surrounding the concept of “prosodic licensing”, as proposed in Itô (1988) and further developed in later work (Bagemihl 1991; Charette 1990; Goldsmith 1990; Inkelas 1991; Itô and Mester 1991; Kaye 1990; Lombardi 1991; Piggott 1991; Zec 1988; and others). The proposal to be developed below draws on Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993); one of the goals is to explicate the notion of the coda as a “secondary licenser” (Goldsmith 1990) and to clarify the privileged status of geminate and partial geminate clusters (Prince 1984) with respect to syllabification. After laying out some background assumptions (Section 1), we present the definitions and constraints that form the core of our theory of licensing (Section 2). We illustrate the approach with an analysis of the syllable structure of Japanese (Section 3) and conclude the paper with a discussion of remaining issues and problems relating to the general typology of syllabification systems (Section 4).

A Comparison of Haptic Sketching and Digital Sketching

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-161
Author(s):  
Tom Page
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Undergraduate Curriculum ◽  
Design Students ◽  
The Relationship

This article compares and contrasts the use of haptic and digital sketching in the design process. It investigates the preferred sketching method of final year design students. In addition, it examines the relationship between effective communication and the use of haptic and digital sketching. A case study involving ten final year students studying product design courses at Nottingham Trent University was undertaken. The text explores the current literature and identifies the benefits of using the two methods. The inclusion of digital sketching tutorials in the undergraduate curriculum is discussed as well as the option of replacing haptic with digital sketching. The study concludes that while a wider survey with students from other design courses would be useful, the results provide strong evidence that final year students currently prefer haptic to digital sketching as an essential part of the design process.

Impact of Financial Risk Ratios on Profitability of Multinational vs. Domestic Pharmaceuticals in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-68
Author(s):  
Kaushik Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Corporate Strategy ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Domestic Companies ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

The impact of financial leverage on the profitability position of the business firms under different financing alternatives and with varying levels of overall profitability is one of the most crucial issues in modern finance to sustain continuous improvement in financial performance. In fact, framing an appropriate capital structure with flexible equity and disciplined debt financing is an integral part of the entire corporate strategy to gain shareholder confidence and stakeholder support to achieve long run sustainability. No firm can ignore this aspect in the context of today's high-tech competitive business environment. Unfortunately this issue has not been addressed with due importance in India and in particular, no significant study exists on the pharmaceutical sector comparing the linkage between financial leverage and profitability of multinational companies with that of the domestic companies. The pharmaceutical industry is acknowledged as one of the most promising industries in India; therefore this study should make a significant contribution to the practice. This paper examines the relationship between financial leverage and profitability of the Indian pharmaceutical industry during the period of March 2002 to December 2011 (N=20). The researcher compared the relationship between financial leverage and profitability of multinational companies with that of the domestic companies in the Indian pharmaceutical industry. The research found strong evidence of the negative contribution of financial leverage towards improving profitability for multinational and domestic firms. Hence, these results provide strong evidence of positive contribution of financial leverage towards improving profitability in a substantial portion of the sample companies during the study period.

Market Structure and the Pattern of Black-Owned Firms

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Heywood
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Black Workers ◽  
Entry Barriers ◽  
Industrial Concentration ◽  
Black Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Relationship

This article discusses the relationship between industrial concentration and the presence of black-owned firms. Strong evidence is found that more monopolistic industries have a smaller black presence. This demonstrates that the monopolistic industries in which black workers are known to face the worst discrimination are also the industries in which blacks face the highest structural entry barriers as entrepreneurs. Indeed, entry barriers may cause the monopolistic conditions which allow discrimination while simultaneously frustrating the entry of black entrepreneurs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document