World Englishes and Phonological Theory

The relationship between phonological theory and World Englishes is generally characterized by a mutual lack of interest. This chapter argues for a greater engagement of both fields with each other, looking at constraint-based theories of phonology, especially Optimality Theory (OT), as a case in point. Contact varieties of English provide strong evidence for synchronically active constraints, as it is substrate or L1 constraints that are regularly transferred to the contact variety, not rules. Additionally, contact varieties that have properties that are in some way ‘in between’ the substrate and superstrate systems provide evidence for constraint hierarchies or implicational relationships between constraints, illustrated here primarily with examples from syllable structure. Conversely, for a scholar working on the description of World Englishes, OT can offer an explanation of where the patterns found in a contact variety come from, namely from the transfer of substrate constraint rankings (and subsequent gradual constraint demotion).

Domain evolution of tetragonal Pb(ZrxTi1−x) O3 piezoelectric thin films on SrTiO3 (100) surfaces: combined effects of misfit strain and Zr/Ti ratio

The ferroelectric domains of tetragonal Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 epitaxial thin films have been studied comprehensively to reveal their piezoelectric responses under substrate constraint.

Effect of Substrate Constraint on Stress-Induced Deformation Mechanism of Tungsten Thin Film

The deformation process of sputtered tungsten films were investigated according to the morphological characteristics and residual stress analysis. Results show that there are four characteristics depending on the substrates and stress state. For thin films on polyimide, the localized plastic deformation is mediated by the alignment of grain boundaries in the case of tension or line bulges in the case of compression. It results from both in-plane and out-of-plane grain rotation. For thin films on silicon substrate, wedge cracks in the case of tension or regular hillocks in the case of compression become the typical morphology. From this point of view, the deformation behaviors of films depended on the substrate constraint and residual stress states.