Beyond the “Continental Translation” of Newtonian Mechanics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Shank
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Analytical Mechanics ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
The Core ◽  
Origin Story ◽  
Continental Origin ◽  
Modern Analytical

This chapter challenges the traditional origin story of rational, or “classical Newtonian,” mechanics, which holds that Isaac Newton created the core foundations of this science in his Principia Mathematica, and then delivered them to Continental European mathematicians, who translated and developed them in creating modern analytical mechanics. Instead, the article outlines the dispersed origins of calculus-based mathematical physics in Europe around 1700, locating its sources in Newton’s work, but also, and more importantly, in the work of many others as well. Overall, the chapter traces a Continental origin for what we now, perhaps erroneously, call “classical Newtonian mechanics” rooted in many developments, especially in France, that were contrary to Newton’s own thinking on this topic.

Between Isaac Newton and Enlightenment Newtonianism

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
J. B. Shank
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Modern Cosmology ◽  
The Universe

A pervasive, and still stubbornly persuasive, Enlightenment story holds that Isaac Newton’s 1687 Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica played a decisive role in naturalizing early modern cosmology and physical science. Newton, however, was a committed, if heterodox Christian, and his new physics and astronomy depended crucially on a belief in God’s role as both the architect and ruling Pantokrator of the universe. Enlightenment naturalism, therefore, did not develop directly out of Newton’s Principia even if his new mathematical physics became a vehicle for disseminating it once a naturalist understanding of ‘Newtonianism’ had been forged by others. This chapter traces the genealogies that produced Newton and the cosmology of his Principia, along with the naturalizing alternative that contemporaries misleadingly called Enlightenment ‘Newtonianism’. It shows that while these had become entangled by 1800, their conjunction was a historical creation rather than an outcome determined directly by Newton or his science.

scholarly journals The Geochemistry of 1 ky Old Euxinic Sediments of the Western Black Sea

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 455
Author(s):  
Octavian G. Duliu ◽  
Carmen I. Cristache ◽  
Ana-Voica Bojar ◽  
Gheorghe Oaie ◽  
Otilia-Ana Culicov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Epithermal Neutron ◽  
Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediments ◽  
Prompt Gamma ◽  
The Core ◽  
North American Shale Composite ◽  
Unconsolidated Sediment ◽  
Continental Origin

To get more data on the geochemistry of Black Sea euxinic sediments, a 50-cm core was collected at a depth of 600 m on a Western Black Sea Continental Platform slope. The core contained unconsolidated sediments rich in cocoolithic ooze and mud. Epithermal Neutron and Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis were used to determine the content of nine major (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, and Fe as oxides) and 32 trace elements (Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Th, and U) with a precision varying between 3 and 9%. The core contained unconsolidated sediment rich in coccolithic ooze and mud. Previous 210 Pb geochronology suggests an age of ∼1 ky of considered sediments. Major components distribution showed that, except for Cl and Ca, the contents of all other elements are similar to Upper Continental Crust (UCC) and North American Shale Composite (NASC). The distribution of the 32 trace elements showed similarities to the UCC, except for redox-sensitive metals Fe, Se, Mo, and U, of which the significantly higher content reflects the presence of euxinic conditions during deposition. A chondrite normalized plot of nine rare earth elements indicated a similarity to UCC and NASC, suggesting a continental origin of sedimentary material.

scholarly journals Examining Humanity in Bernard Beckett’s Genesis

Clotho ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-125
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hale
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Philosophical Dialogue ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Young Adult Novel ◽  
Classical Philosophy ◽  
Origin Story ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rational Order

New Zealand author Bernard Beckett’s young adult novel Genesis (2006) blends classical philosophy and Gothic tropes in a dystopian novel about the nature and ends of humanity. It is a curious work, presented in the form of philosophical dialogue and set in a future world known as The Republic, in which robots have triumphed over humanity and formed a new society based on rational order. Yet sinister underpinnings to their society and their emotional origin-story, which forms the core of this novel, show both that their rational world order is built on lies, deception, and murder, and that the human soul is harder to be rid of than they imagine. The clash between robots and humans is depicted as a clash between reason and passion, and also as a clash between a classical calm (seen in the Republic’s emphasis on classical philosophy) and the Gothic emotions associated with the dark, but emotional, side of humanity. Genesis is a compelling reflection on the nature of the human soul, aimed at young readers. This paper will trace how that reflection plays out through Beckett’s use of classical and Gothic ideals in an unusually thought-provoking dystopian work for young readers.

Old Dogma, New Tricks

2021 ◽  
pp. 180-197
Author(s):  
David Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Early Church ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter studies the relationship between traditional Christian beliefs and the structure of modern science. The significance of key doctrines—such as monotheism, creation, the fall, the atonement—to the scientific revolution is analyzed, with the perhaps surprising result being that Christianity provided fertile ground for what we would recognize as “modern” science to develop. The writings of Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, and more are considered through a theological lens and their religious beliefs are shown to be foundational for their scientific work. Several living scientists are also found making the same points, and it is concluded that much of what we now call the “scientific method” owes its underlying philosophy to the core beliefs of the medieval (and even early) Church.

Founding the Palazzo Vecchio in 1299: The Corso Donati Parado

1999 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Trachtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Core Values ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
The Core ◽  
Security Measure ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Palazzo Vecchio ◽  
Origin Story ◽  
The Republic

The usual origin-story of the Palazzo Vecchio as a security measure for the city's executives taken in response to civic unrest does not hold up under a close analysis of the historical record and the architectural evidence. The original project of 1299, as distinguished from the building as modified 1306-1310, was not heavily fortified; and by contemporary standards the late 1290s was a comparatively peaceful interval. It is proposed that rather than fear, the immediate motivation for the decision to build was a crisis in civic honor. If so, the palace would have been initially an expression less of the core values of the mercantile class, officially at the helm of the republic, than of the excluded nobility, as represented by the arch-enemy of the regime, Corso Donati.

scholarly journals A New Interpretation of the Origin of Gravity and Conceptual Foundations of Newtonian mechanics at the Micro Level

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
wei fan ◽  
wei fan ◽  
wei fan
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Ideal Fluid ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Gravity Theory ◽  
Analytical Mechanics ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Time Density

Because Newton's gravity and Einstein's general theory of relativity are macroscopic gravitational theories, therefore, this paper attempts to establish a set of quantum gravity theory of the microscopic expression of Newton's and Einstein's theory of gravity to make up for the shortcomings of the existing macro-gravity theory at the micro level, and further develop the macroscopic gravity theory into the microscopic field. Based on the cognition of the field theory model, from the general assumption, space-time is further regarded as an ideal fluid, from the perspective of the distribution of ideal fluid density, this paper derives the Newton's universal gravitational equation and Einstein's general relativity equation. On the micro level, the gravitational field is further interpreted as a gradient field of space-time density; the Newtonian potential is further interpreted as the density of an object at the micro level; gravity is further interpreted as the potential pressure(space-time pressure) exhibited by the gradient of the density of the object at the micro level; flection space-time is further interpreted as the embodiment of the gradient distribution of the ideal fluid (space-time) density at the micro level. Therefore, this paper establishes a new set of quantum gravity theory, which can solve some pain points in the theory of macroscopic gravity. At the same time, based on the new interpretation of Newton's mechanics concept foundation based on field theory, this paper also proposes a new paradigm theory independent of Newtonian mechanics and analytical mechanics, which can solve some pain points in Newtonian mechanics and analytical mechanics.

Newton’s Bucket

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Mercati
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Uniform Motion ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Absolute Structure

This chapter describes the fundamental problem at the core of Newton’s dynamics: the definition of inertia. This is provided by an absolute structure in Newtonian mechanics, but, as Leibniz and later Mach argued, it should be dynamically determined. This is the core of Newton’s famous ‘bucket experiment’. Assuming this law as a postulate, without first defining the notions of ‘rest’, ‘uniform motion’ and ‘right (or straight) line’, is inconsistent. In a universe that is, in Barbour’s words, like ‘bees swarming in nothing’, how is one to talk about rest/uniform motion/straight lines? With respect to what? The problem is that of establishing a notion of equilocality: in an everchanging universe, what does it mean for an object to be at the same place at dierent times?

Berkeley and Newton

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Jesseph
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Newtonian Mechanics ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
And Mathematics

This article examines Berkeley’s responses to the mechanics and mathematics of Isaac Newton. After a brief section outlining some of the key elements of Berkeley’s idealistic metaphysics and empiricist epistemology, his criticisms of Newton are considered, as is his attempt to accommodate the success of Newtonian mechanics within the constraints of his own philosophy. In particular, investigations are made of Berkeley’s criticisms of absolute space and time, his proposal to expunge the notion of matter from natural philosophy, his claim that laws of nature are purely descriptive and do not identify genuine causes, and his instrumentalistic approach to the concept of force. Berkeley’s critique of the Newtonian calculus of fluxions in his 1734 treatise The Analyst is also investigated.

The Oxford Calculators’ Middle Degree Theorem in Context

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 338-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Dudley Sylla
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
The Core

The core Oxford Calculators (here William Heytesbury, John Dumbleton, and Richard Swineshead) developed a science of kinematics in which the key concept was the “latitude of velocity.” Based upon the concept of “latitude,” the Calculators developed parts of a mathematical physics in deductive format that could be applied to quite various situations.

What face familiarity feelings say about the lateralization of specific entities within the core system

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Gainotti
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory System ◽  
Core System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Temporal Structures ◽  
The Right

Abstract The target article carefully describes the memory system, centered on the temporal lobe that builds specific memory traces. It does not, however, mention the laterality effects that exist within this system. This commentary briefly surveys evidence showing that clear asymmetries exist within the temporal lobe structures subserving the core system and that the right temporal structures mainly underpin face familiarity feelings.

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