Last Resort and Proportionality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Shue
Keyword(s):  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Just Cause ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Great Evil ◽  
Reasonable Prospect ◽  
Prospect Of Success ◽  
Lesser Evil

Justified warfare requires far more than a just cause. The multiple necessary conditions to be satisfied before the inevitable deaths, wounds, and destruction of war, many inflicted wrongfully on combatants on both sides and on civilians, can be justified as a lesser evil also minimally include reasonable prospect of success, last resort, and proportionality of resort. Only a great evil to be resisted can constitute a just cause, and it must be empirically the case that military action has a reasonable prospect of stopping the resisted evil and is also necessary in being the least evil means of resistance, which is the meaning of last resort. Proportionality of resort, which is importantly different from proportionality in the conduct of war, can be assessed only by examining several questions concerning the evils created by the proposed war, including whose evils (only one’s own or predictable others) and which evils (which harms count).

Just War, Not Prevention

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Just War ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Moral Standing ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Just Cause ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Moral Content ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Right Intention

The debate over going to war in Iraq has in many quarters become a debate about the ethical implications of preemption and prevention rather than about the war itself. But neither prevention nor preemption can have any moral standing in the abstract, since it is the circumstances, not the concepts, that inform their qualities as strategies. The question, rather, is whether the decision to engage in a new war against the Iraqi regime is just.Indeed, it is surprising to find that so much less has been said about basic principles of just war—that is, a just cause, a right intention, proportionality, and so on—than about the largely legal questions of preemption and prevention. But concepts like preemption and prevention are really about the timing and method of war; they say nothing about the moral content of the conflict itself, and in the end an emphasis on them obscures the fundamental question of justice. Put another way, if a particular military action, including launching war, is just and proper, then the means and scheduling are subject, like anything else, to scrutiny under the guidance of the principles of just war. But they are not separate questions in and of themselves.

Czech National Awareness in Moravia in the Revolutionary Years 1848/1849

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
František Čapka
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Cultural Contact ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThis study focuses on the process of the gradual shaping of Czech national awareness in Moravia from the beginning of the nineteenth century onwards when the necessary conditions for the development of improved mutual relations between the Czech (Slavic) population in the two Lands of the Czech Crown -Bohemia and Moravia - were slowly being formed. Moravia faced a number of handicaps to the development of a national revival in comparison with Bohemia, the most significant of which was the relatively high degree of Germanisation of the land. A change to the image of Moravia came in the revolutionary years 1848/1849, when Czech national awareness spread to broader sections of society in Moravia. The view of Bohemia held by the Moravians underwent significant change and a period of increasingly intensive political and cultural contact between the two lands arose.

SOCIAL PROTECTION IS A GUARANTEE OF FAMILY UNITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Dilbar Karshieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The State ◽  
The Military ◽  
Family Unity

This article demonstrates the great attention and care paid by the state to the military and their families in our country.Social protection of families of military men consists in creating necessary conditions for family members to develop and demonstrate their abilities in socio-economic, cultural, medical and other spheres.

Effective ways to study the works of great ancestors

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-149
Author(s):  
Bahodir Kuchkarov
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Education System ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Educational Changes ◽  
Younger Generation

In Uzbekistan, special attention is paid to the study of historical, national and spiritual values ​​in the context of socio-economic, spiritual and educational changes. All necessary conditions for the education of young people are now created. The fundamental task of today is to radically change the education system, to educate the younger generation in the spirit of enlightenment, and to encourage patriotism and creativity of the young. In this article, I will discuss the importance of studying the works of ancient great thinkers and to conduct lessons by using topics related to the personality and works of great ancestors in terms of shaping the students' spiritual outlook.

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