A Model of Relative Thinking

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bushong ◽  
Matthew Rabin ◽  
Joshua Schwartzstein
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Attraction Effect ◽  
Income Uncertainty ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Monetary Return

Abstract Fixed differences loom smaller when compared to large differences. We propose a model of relative thinking where a person weighs a given change along a consumption dimension by less when it is compared to bigger changes along that dimension. In deterministic settings, the model predicts context effects such as the attraction effect but predicts meaningful bounds on such effects driven by the intrinsic utility for the choices. In risky environments, a person is less likely to sacrifice utility on one dimension to gain utility on another that is made riskier. For example, a person is less likely to exert effort for a fixed monetary return if there is greater overall income uncertainty. We design and run experiments to test basic model predictions and find support for these predictions.

Silences in Music are Musical Not Silent: An Exploratory Study of Context Effects on the Experience of Musical Pauses

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Tonal Context ◽  
Musical Context

SILENCES IN MUSIC ARE DISTINGUISHED acoustically along only one dimension: the length of time they occupy. However, like pauses in speech, they are distinguished syntactically along many dimensions, depending on the context in which they occur. In two experiments, one using musical excerpts from commercially available recordings, and the other using simpler constructed excerpts, participants' reactions to silences were assessed. Participants pressed a button when they heard a period of silence begin and end, moved a slider to indicate perceived changes in musical tension across the course of each excerpt, and answered a series of questions about each silence, including questions about its duration, placement, salience, and metric qualities. Musical context, especially tonal context, affected the response to silence as measured by all three tasks. Specifically, silences following tonal closure were identified more quickly and perceived as less tense than silences following music lacking such closure.

First Steps in the Design and Construction of the Ocean Grazer

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonis I. Vakis ◽  
Harmen Meijer ◽  
Wout A. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
The University ◽  
Design And Construction

A novel wave energy converter, termed the Ocean Grazer, designed to extract energy from waves of varying profiles and energy contents has recently been proposed by the University of Groningen. The authors have performed preliminary modeling work to predict the behavior of the converter’s power take-off system, and constructed a proof-of-concept prototype to validate basic model predictions.

Reconstruction of Objects from their Projections Using Orthogonal Functions

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Elrnar Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Object A ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Spatial Density Distribution

Considering any finite three-dimensional object, a “projection” is here defined as a two-dimensional representation of the object's mass per unit area on a plane normal to a given projection axis, here taken as they-axis. Since the object can be seen as being built from parallel, thin slices, the relation between object structure and its projection can be reduced by one dimension. It is assumed that an electron microscope equipped with a tilting stage records the projectionWhere the object has a spatial density distribution p(r,ϕ) within a limiting radius taken to be unity, and the stage is tilted by an angle 9 with respect to the x-axis of the recording plane.

Quantitative Diameter Measurements of Chromatin and TMV Fibers in the Freeze-Dried State

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
B. D. Athey ◽  
A. L. Stout ◽  
M. F. Smith ◽  
J. P. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Fiber Axis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Variable Diameter ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Expected Values

Although there is general agreement that Inactive chromosome fibers consist of helically packed nucleosomes, the pattern of packing is still undetermined. Only one of the proposed models, the crossed-linker model, predicts a variable diameter dependent on the length of DNA between nucleosomes. Measurements of the fiber diameter of negatively-stained and frozen- hydrated- chromatin from Thyone sperm (87bp linker) and Necturus erythrocytes (48bp linker) have been previously reported from this laboratory. We now introduce a more reliable method of measuring the diameters of electron images of fibrous objects. The procedure uses a modified version of the computer program TOTAL, which takes a two-dimensional projection of the fiber density (represented by the micrograph itself) and projects it down the fiber axis onto one dimension. We illustrate this method using high contrast, in-focus STEM images of TMV and chromatin from Thyone and Necturus. The measured diameters are in quantitative agreement with the expected values for the crossed-linker model for chromatin structure

Context effects in symbolic magnitude comparisons.

1985 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude G. Čech ◽  
Edward J. Shoben
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects
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