Pioneering development polioies & experiences in the field of education “ Lessons Learned”

Investing in education is the basis for the advancement ,prosperity and advancement of individuals and societies everytime and any where this is confirmed in practice by the experiences and policies of countries that focused on their path and development strategy and the priority of investing in people in general and education in particular . There is no doubt that education has an important role in building society ,whether it is related to graduating students and scientific competencies needed by society or to contribute to the formulation to the formulation and drawing of social and economic development plans and since the human element is one of the basic and important elements upon which development policiiesin all societies depend . Here highlights the importance of preparing and preparing human elements,and this can only be done through successful education as the conttibution of education to the development process depends on the quality of the human cadre and extent of its scientific validity to the requirements of society and its aspirations in terms of training ,qualification and training which directly reflected in achieving the desired development. In light of this ,education is an investment in human capital ,it brings benefits many are economic and uneconomic for individual and society as awhole. Among the benefits of education for individuals istheir high incomes in the labor market ,raising rates of economic growth, reducing poverty levels ,and achieving fairness in the disttibution of wealth ,this is called ( the monetary return )from education .on the other hand , education actualiy contributesto achieving many non – material gains that are no less than their material counter parts ,such as improving healthy behavior and good social and healthcare and the socialization of children ,and reducing crime and reducing rates and its spread and achieve harmony and social harmony among individuals ,preserving the environment and promting the values of good citizenship , and this is called a non- monetary return. Key words : Development experiences, Pioneering development policies,Development experiences in education,Pioneering development models

Market Conditions for Impact Investments as a Subsidiary of the Social Finance Model

In this paper, the author presents an overview of the development of socially oriented impact investing in country-specific markets as a development of the social finance model. This analysis focuses on socially responsible investing (SRI) or impact investing, which has experienced continuous growth in certain countries, including European (UK, particular Scandinavian) and US markets. The equity of social impact mutual fund markets has grown both in the number of funds and in the differentiation of the securities under the social finance model. Despite the fact that socially responsible investments or impact investments still lack a uniform definition under social finance, it mainly refers to investments that emphasize social/ecological/ethical value over monetary return. In the academic literature, it is not clear whether the behavior of impact investors will be sustainable toward the social finance paradigm, as their investment decision about the monetary return should be motivated by their economic behavior. The author analyzes the economic conditions of the capital market that provide long-term institutional support for socially oriented investments.

Effect of nano nitrogen on yield attributes of sweet corn (Zea mays Saccharata) and economics

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur (M.S.), India during Kharif, 2020 in black Vertisol soil using split plot design with four replications. The main plot factors consist of time of application viz., T1: 15 days after sowing (DAS), T2: 30 DAS and T3: 45 DAS and sub plot factors consist of doses of nano nitrogen (N) fertilizers viz., N1: 1.00 litre per ha, N2: 1.25 litre per ha and N3: 1.50 litre per ha making total nine treatment combinations. The results of main plot showed that length of cob (20.56 cm), diameter of cob (19.71 cm), weight of cob per plant (222.29 g), number of grains per cob (402.07), green cob yield per ha (138.32 q), green fodder yield per ha (359.75 q), protein content in grain (9.74%) and crude protein in stover (5.18%) were significantly maximum when foliar spray was done at 15 days after sowing (DAS). The gross monetary return (Rs. 5,93,172.04 ha-1) and net monetary return (Rs. 3,78,016.10 ha-1) were significantly maximum with foliar spray at 15 DAS (T1) over later spraying at 30 DAS (T2) and 45 DAS (T3). While, in sub-plot length of cob (18.55 cm), diameter of cob (16.83 cm), weight of cob per plant (208.65 g), number of grains per cob (371.25), green cob yield per ha (125.96 q), green fodder yield per ha (344.39 q), protein content in grain (9.29%) and crude protein in stover (5.10%) were obtained from treatment N3 (1.5 litre ha-1) which was on par with treatment N2 (1.25 litre ha-1) and significantly superior over N1 (1 litre ha-1). The highest value of the gross monetary return (Rs. 5,80,827.23 ha-1) and net monetary return (Rs. 3,59,534.55 ha-1) were obtained from treatment N3 (1.5 litre ha-1) which was at par with treatment N2 (1.25 litre ha-1) and significantly superior over treatment N1 (1.00 litre ha-1).

Response of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) to different plant growth regulators

The commercial importance of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has attracted Agronomist to increase its seed yield using various agronomical and breeding approaches. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have a significant role in enhancing yield and its related traits in linseed. Hence, to find out effect of different growth regulators on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of linseed, the present experiment was conducted under AICRP on Linseed, College of Agriculture, Nagpur. Growth regulator shows significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield of linseed. Plant height and number of capsules per plant was observed highest and significantly superior after application of 400 ppm Gibberellic acid (GA) and application of 0.1 % Tebuconazole which was at par with T7 i.e. 1.0 ppm Auxin + 200 ppm GA and T5 i.e. 75 ppm salicylic acid. Number of branches and number of capsules per plant were also observed at par in the treatment T3 i.e. 200 ppm GA. The seed yield of linseed was recorded significantly higher in T4 i.e. 400 ppm GA which was at par with T7 i.e. 1.0 ppm Auxin + 200 ppm GA and treatment T3 i.e. 200 ppm GA and treatment T5 i.e. 75 ppm salicylic acid. The gross monetary return was found maximum in the treatment T4 i.e. 400 ppm GA, this might be due the maximum seed yield after application of 400 ppm GA, but net monetary return and B:C ratio resulted minimum due to the high market cost of GA (Rs. 9000/- for 400 ppm). Net monetary return and B:C ratio was found maximum in treatment T5 i.e. 75 ppm salicylic acid, this might be due to the low cost of Salicylic acid.

Food Culture Integration in Menu Plan for a Sustainable Homestay Business

Other than providing overnight stays and local activities, the provision of food and beverage is an important aspect in the homestay business. The food and beverage aspect of a homestay has the potential of being a crucial contributing factor towards a guest’s experience whilst ensuring optimal monetary return to the homestay operators. This paper presents the findings on meal offerings provided by four homestay operators at Mantanani Island, an island off the Kota Belud coast of Sabah. This study also highlights the importance of food as an element of local culture and as an expression of the history, habits and traditions of a community. Discussions are pinned on rationalising the differences in meal offerings among operators and how this would implicate the operators’ profit margins, as well as how the local culture reflects the menu offered by the homestay participants. Finally, recommendations for improvement on meal plans are proposed to enhance the economic benefits of these operators without compromising guest experience

عائد الإصدار النقدي في ظل نظام سعر الصرف المرن في العراق للمدة (1990-2003)

This study deals with the relationship between the flexible exchange rate system and the return on the monetary issue, in other words, it tries to clarify the extent of the impact of adopting the flexible exchange rate system on the monetary return that the government can get. Therefore, this study came divided into three sections, the first topic dealt with the concept of the flexible exchange rate, while the second topic dealt with the concept of the return on the cash issue and methods of measuring it, and the third section reviews the size of the return on the cash issue achieved by the government if it follows the flexible exchange rate system. Keywords: yield on the cash issue, flexible exchange rate system, inflation tax, opportunity cost.

A Model of Relative Thinking

Fixed differences loom smaller when compared to large differences. We propose a model of relative thinking where a person weighs a given change along a consumption dimension by less when it is compared to bigger changes along that dimension. In deterministic settings, the model predicts context effects such as the attraction effect but predicts meaningful bounds on such effects driven by the intrinsic utility for the choices. In risky environments, a person is less likely to sacrifice utility on one dimension to gain utility on another that is made riskier. For example, a person is less likely to exert effort for a fixed monetary return if there is greater overall income uncertainty. We design and run experiments to test basic model predictions and find support for these predictions.

Saving with a Social Impact: Evidence from Trento Province

In this paper, we investigate the determinants of investing, focusing on its potential social impact. In particular, we consider whether there is room for expanding impact investing through social savings. The increasing trend in the demand for social finance makes the topic of unique interest, particularly when data on preferences for social saving can be collected at the individual level. We investigate the determinants and drivers of saving with a social goal running a survey conducted in Trentino-Alto Adige in which respondents are asked to allocate their portfolio to possible social investments. In line with the evidence collected in the Netherlands by Riedl and Smeets (2014), our results show a strong preference for a lower return, with the condition that the return is invested in a community programme, and little interest in the monetary return of the investment. Respondents are either inclined to put their entire portfolio into saving for the community or not to invest at all. This result suggests that there is a consistent demand, only partially accommodated by the supply, for financial products investing in the community, rather than for a monetary return.

Response of Zero Tillage Technique on Wheat Production in the Middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nalanda (Bihar)

The present study was undertaken to compare the response of zero tillage method and conventional method on wheat production with respect to various growth, yield and economic parameters in the middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nalanda district of Bihar. The study was conducted during Rabi seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. Fourteen farmers were selected for the study, 7 of whom sowed with zero tillage machine and 7 followed broadcasting method. Four observation from each plot were taken, therefore, total 56 observations were taken for both the methods. Results showed that higher mean plant height was recorded by Zero Tillage (ZT) method (83.07±128 cm) followed by broadcasting method (79.57±187 cm) that shows significant difference. Significantly mean higher no. of tillers per square meters was recorded by ZT method (556.57±21.28) as compared to broadcasting method (501.07±13.48). Mean spike length was significantly higher in case of ZT method (11.96±0.53 cm) compared to broadcasting method (11.03±0.22 cm). Significantly higher mean no. of grains per spike was recorded in ZT method (45.42±0.93) compared to broadcasting method (42.46±1.03). Significantly higher mean 1000- grain weight (g) were recorded in ZT method (42.07±0.61) compared to broadcasting method (40.03±0.67). Highly significant difference was recorded in grain yield (tonnes/ha) between ZT (3.82±0.03) and broadcasting method (3.68±0.04). Also, there were highly significant difference recorded in all the economic parameters between ZT and broadcast method. Cost of cultivation (Rs. /ha), gross monetary return (Rs. /ha), net monetary return (Rs. /ha) and BCR for ZT method are 37564±289, 70657±620, 33093±677 and 1.88±0.02. Corresponding values for broadcasting method are 40427±256, 68087±728, 27659±759 and 1.68±0.02. From the two years on farm research study it is concluded that the Zero tillage method of wheat cultivation is cost saving, more remunerative with timely sowing and helpful for areas where burning of paddy straw after paddy harvesting is widely prevalent. This method can be promoted among the farmers in Bihar and other middle Indo- Gangetic Plain regions for large scale adoption.

Effect of foliar application of nutrients on growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]

A research experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2017 at College of Agriculture, Research farm Gwalior (M.P.) under Department of Agronomy. On the basis of results obtained the treatment neem coated urea 2% spray at flower initiation gave significantly higher seed yield (1456 kg/ha), net monetary return (‘ 74396/ha), BCR (4.30) and harvest index (27.63%) as compared to other treatments but at par with treatment NPK (19 : 19 : 19) 2% spray at flower initiation and neem coated urea 2% + salicylic acid 75 ppm spray at flower initiation treatment.