Dimension Lumber Grade and Yield Estimates for Yellow-Poplar

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
Joseph Denig ◽  
Eugene M. Wengert ◽  
Robert Brisbin ◽  
James Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Grading System ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
Dimension Lumber ◽  
Grade Yield ◽  
Lumber Grade

Abstract Equations that predict the dimension lumber grade yield from yellow-poplar trees (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) and sawlogs that are manufactured into 2 x 4's using the Saw-Dry-Rip system are presented. These equations require the measurement of dbh and merchantable height measured to an 8-in. top diameter. To predict the dimension lumber yield from yellow-poplar logs, a grading system that incorporates limiting defects with the clear-face concept used in southern pine log grading is utilized to stratify the logs. Once the logs have been graded, scaling diameter is used to predict the dimension lumber yield.

Selected Properties of Parallel Strand Lumber Made from Southern Pine and Yellow-Poplar

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
A.W.C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Average Modulus ◽  
Parallel Strand Lumber

Summary This study was conducted to explore basic physical and mechanical properties of parallel strand lumber (PSL) made exclusively from southern pine and yellow-poplar, respectively, and to examine their relationships using statistical analysis. Small specimens were prepared from commercial southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL billets and tested for specific gravity, moisture content, dimensional stability, bending properties, shear strength and compressive strength. Results indicate average specific gravity of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL, while their average moisture content and dimensional stability are very similar. Southern pine PSL has higher average modulus of elasticity but lower average modulus of rupture than yellow-poplar PSL. While average longitudinal shear strength does not exhibit differences between southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL, average compressive strength of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL. There are positive correlations among modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and specific gravity. PSL improves some properties of solid wood from which PSL is made.

Dynamic mechanical analysis of dry wood: Linear viscoelastic response region and effects of minor moisture changes

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanjian Sun ◽  
Sudipto Das ◽  
Charles E. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Viscoelastic Response ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Linear Viscoelastic ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
Wood Analysis ◽  
Response Region

Abstract The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of wood with moisture content (MC) below 1% has not yet been described. Aiming at this low MC range, the linear viscoelastic response region (LVR) of thoroughly dried wood was studied in single-cantilever bending. The LVR limit was determined as a function of grain orientation and temperature using yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.). The LVR limit for dry wood ranged from approximately 0.03% to 0.16% strain. The LVR limit was greater for bending perpendicular to the grain than for parallel to the grain, suggesting that DMA signal quality would be better in the former case. Southern pine generally exhibited a greater LVR limit than yellow-poplar. The LVR anisotropy was greater in yellow-poplar than in southern pine. These findings suggest that detailed LVR analysis might be useful for wood analysis, or at least that regular LVR analysis is required for reliable wood DMA. The effects of wood moisture changes (between 0% and 1%) were observed in low-temperature secondary relaxations, consistent with the previous findings of others. Yellow-poplar specimens exhibited a significant storage modulus increase over a 250°C temperature range when specimen moisture increased from 0% to ∼0.7%.

scholarly journals Effect of Rotation Age and Thinning Regime on Visual and Structural Lumber Grades of Douglas-Fir Logs

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Eini Lowell ◽  
Eric Turnblom ◽  
Jeff Comnick ◽  
CL Huang
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Rotation Age ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Grade Yield ◽  
Structural Lumber ◽  
Lumber Grade

Douglas-fir, the most important timber species in the Pacific Northwest, US (PNW), has high stiffness and strength. Growing it in plantations on short rotations since the 1980s has led to concerns about the impact of juvenile/mature wood proportion on wood properties. Lumber recovered from four sites in a thinning trial in the PNW was analyzed for relationships between thinning regime and lumber grade yield. Linear mixed-effects models were developed for understanding how rotation age and thinning affect the lumber grade yield. Log small-end diameter was overall the most important for describing the presence of an appearance grade, generally exhibiting an indirect relationship with the lower quality grades. Stand Quadratic Mean Diameter (QMD) was found to be the next most uniformly important predictor, its influence (positive or negative) depending on the lumber grade. For quantity within a grade, as log small-end diameter increased, the quantity of the highest grade increased, while decreasing the quantity of the lower grades differentially. Other tree and stand attributes were of varying importance among grades, including stand density, tree height, and stand slope, but logically depicted the tradeoffs or rebalancing among the grades as the tree and stand characteristics change. Structural lumber grade presence was described best by acoustic wave flight time, log position (decreasing presence in upper logs), and an increasing presence with rotation age. A smaller set of variables proved useful for describing quantity within a structural grade. Forest managers can use these results in planning to best capture value in harvesting, allowing them to direct raw materials (logs) to appropriate manufacturing facilities given market demand.

Productivity and compensatory responses of yellow-poplar trees in elevated C02

Nature ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 357 (6376) ◽  
pp. 322-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Norby ◽  
Carla A. Gunderson ◽  
Stan D. Wullschleger ◽  
E. G. O'Neill ◽  
Mary K. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Poplar Trees

Tree grade, log grade and lumber grade yield data for 25 hardwood species from the eastern United States and Alaska

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederica Wood ◽  
Janice K. Wiedenbeck ◽  
Daniel A. Yaussy ◽  
Deborah A. Conner ◽  
Elizabeth S. Porterfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Grade Yield ◽  
Lumber Grade

Influence of water stress on Verticillium wilt of yellow-poplar

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Morehart ◽  
G. L. Melchior
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Poplar Trees ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Dark Staining ◽  
Pathogen Colonization ◽  
Fungus Growth

The pathogenisis of Verticillium vascular disease was evaluated in root-inoculated yellow-poplar trees grown under favorable, periodically saturated and chronically low soil moisture levels. Verticillium was significantly more aggressive in host trees stressed by periods of low moisture than in host trees subjected to periods of flooding. At no time did inoculated, flooded trees exhibit typical Verticillium symptoms nor was pathogen reisolation obtained from the aboveground parts of these trees. In contrast, inoculated trees treated at favorable and low soil moisture levels incurred extensive pathogen colonization. Histological studies showed that the xylem vessels of petioles became occluded by fungus growth and a dark staining material at the time of first symptom expression. Additionally, macroscopic and microscopic observations of flooded trees indicated that acute injury occurred in the stem base and, under some conditions, the cortex in this region developed an aerenchyma induced by flooding.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of inactivated wood surfaces

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Šernek ◽  
F. A. Kamke ◽  
W. G. Glasser
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Sessile Drop ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Wood Surfaces

Abstract The surface inactivation of two wood species, yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and southern pine (Pinus taeda), was studied following high temperature drying. Surface analysis involved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, sessile drop wettability and fracture mechanics of the adhesively-jointed surfaces. The results showed that wood drying at high temperature (i.e., >160 to 180 °C) caused modifications in surface composition. The oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) decreased and the ratio of carbon atoms bonded to other carbon or to hydrogen atoms vis-à-vis carbons bonded to oxygen atoms (i.e., the C1/C2 ratio) increased with drying temperature. In addition, the contact angle increased with the temperature of exposure, but decreased with time. A dependence on wood species was evident: southern pine surfaces always exhibited higher contact angles than yellow poplar. Also, the rate of contact angle decline with time, dθ/dt, was found to vary with surface composition: this rate corresponded to O/C ratio-changes, especially in the case of southern pine. Southern pine was most susceptible to inactivation particularly when bonded with PF adhesive. Yellow poplar surfaces did not show significant inactivation when exposed to drying temperatures below ca. 180 °C. The results are explained by a relative enrichment of wood surfaces with non-polar substances, hydrophobic extractives and volatile organic compounds that 'become visually evident during the drying process at temperatures above ca. 160 °C. Little change was observed if drying temperatures remained below 150 °C.

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